2:20; 1 Pet. Jesus is always doing things like this: crossing boundaries to show that Gods grace is not limited to a certain type of person. He directs all things to carry out his purposes (Rom. For example, the Fascists tried to absorb the Church's youth groups. What is the significance of each of these declarations, and how do they deepen our understanding of who Jesus is and what he came to accomplish? Note John 1:17. Instead of going to Lazarus immediately, Jesus waited. In the Irish/British context, declarations denying papal infallibility concern the pope's authority to overthrow states or commit religious genocide or require treason. . God then performs the first surgery, creating Eve from Adam's side (a more literal translation than \"rib\"). Gods kingdom is sovereign over every earthly kingdom. 5:613; 7:17; 21:2223; 22:13). In todays culture, what ladders do people try to build between heaven and earth, attempting to bypass Jesus as Savior? 9:5; 1 Cor. In 1906. Of the Church. In fact, we love it so much that were enslaved to itwe wont do anything that would compromise this glory. Jesus replied, I am the way, and the truth, and the life. Two of the four gospels claim that God is the father of her baby, but because of the silence of the other two gospels, as well as the lack of this being mentioned by Peter and Paul, it seems the doctrine of Jesus's virgin birth wasn't emphasized in the early Church though it certainly did dominate later. They draw near to me with their lips, but their hearts are far from me, the Lord allegedly added. Jesus came to set us free from this miserable slavery. . He is offering freedom. This sparked a great monastic renewal. Today, the assumption is nearly the opposite, with the gospels understood to be so thoroughly embellished that one needs evidence to suppose that anything in them is historical. Thus, Jesus confronts them with the truth of their sin. Repeatedly Jesus has flipped inside out our natural understanding of how to relate to God. [67] Casey argues that the Jesus Seminar's fundamental social goal was not to construct an accurate portrait of the historical Jesus, but rather to create "a figure whom [the Fellows of the Seminar] are happy with". Luke 4:4 Jesus answered, It is written: Man does not live on bread alone. Deut 8:3 What made the disciples of John the Baptist decide to follow Jesus? What do you think of this answer, and how does it help us make sense out of the suffering we see and experience? Some books, though considered canonical, are nonetheless difficult to locate and are not even widely available in Ethiopia. We are helpless unless someone helps us from the outside. ", "Canons & Recensions of the Armenian Bible", "Thecla in Syriac Christianity: Preliminary Observations", "The Canonization of Scripture | Coptic Orthodox Diocese of Los Angeles", "The Armenian Canon of the New Testament", The Development of the Canon of the New Testament, Catholic Encyclopedia: Canon of the New Testament, Witchcraft and divination in the Hebrew Bible, Development of the Christian biblical canon, Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution, Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary, Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart, Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII, Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary, Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, Architecture of cathedrals and great churches, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biblical_canon&oldid=1124997714, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015, Pages using sidebar with the child parameter, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, No (inc. in Appendix in Clementine Vulgate), No (inc. in Appendix in Clementine Vulgate as 3 Esdras. Jesus is referring to the cup of Gods wrath against sinners. "[55], The infallibility of the pope was formally defined in 1870, although the tradition behind this view goes back much further. Canonical Books of the Holy Scripture, "The Epitome of the Formula of Concord - Book of Concord", "The Biblical Canon of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church Today", United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, "Are 1 and 2 Esdras non-canonical books? According to Jesus, salvation is for sinners. Find stories, updates and expert opinion. Ethiopic Clement and the Ethiopic Didascalia are distinct from and should not be confused with other ecclesiastical documents known in the west by similar names. IN THE BEGINNING. The Roman Catholic Canon as represented in this table reflects the Latin tradition. Not through turning in a resume or an application, or through some process of proving yourself worthy. It is composed mainly in Biblical Hebrew. The Book of Mormon is a religious text of the Latter Day Saint movement, which, according to Latter Day Saint theology, contains writings of ancient prophets who lived on the American continent from 600 BC to AD 421 and during an interlude dated by the text to the unspecified time of the Tower of Babel. Elsewhere Jesus states that not even a sparrow can fall to the ground apart from Gods knowledge and will (Matt. [61], In the first chapter of his 2010 book Jesus of Nazareth: An Independent Historian's Account of his Life and Teaching, Maurice Casey, an irreligious British scholar of the New Testament, criticizes the Seminar for having not included "some of the best scholars in the USA, such as E. P. Sanders, J. [39] This New Testament, originally excluding certain disputed books (2 Peter, 2 John, 3 John, Jude, Revelation), had become a standard by the early 5th century. Here we have the Savior of the world washing the dirty feet of ordinary men, including the man about to betray him. Peter, the disciple who boldly proclaimed that he would lay down his life for Jesus (John 13:37), shamefully denies even being associated with Jesus once discipleship becomes costly (John 18). God . Now, with the arrival of Jesus, we dont need to do anything to cover for our sins. 8:33; 1 Cor. Several of these prophecies were later understood by Christians to be predictions of Jesus, including the birth of Immanuel; the coming of the Prince of Peace, as quoted in Handel's Messiah; and the suffering of God's "Servant" for the sins of His people. GODS TIMING. And in Italy, the 728 Donation of Sutri and the 756 Donation of Pepin left the papacy in charge a sizable kingdom. [62], Numerous scholars have criticized the Seminar for placing too much value on the criterion of dissimilarity. Both the righteous and the wicked will be resurrected, the former to eternal life and the latter to judgment (John 5:29). Yet John clearly also has a Jewish audience in mind: he reveals Jesus to be the Jewish Messiah, the fulfillment of many Old Testament themes, and the eternal Son of God sent by God the Father to mediate a new relationship between God and man. . The gospel works this way. Likewise, they refer to eternal life as exaltation. I did both while teaching prospective converts. The vast majority of Catholics accepted the definition. Their reconstructions depended on social anthropology, history and textual analysis. JOY. In the Old Testament, deliverance through the shed blood of an animal, most notably the Passover lamb, prefigured the coming of Jesus as the Lamb of God who once and for all obtained salvation for Gods people. John shows us that in Jesus, God has provided redemption for his people. How do the disciples recognize. has been my shepherd all my life long, said Jacob (Gen. 48:15). [4] Duffy claims that by the 3rd century, the bishop of Rome began to act as a court of appeals for problems that other bishops could not resolve. This sentence describes us. [99] In the following century, new mendicant orders were founded by Francis of Assisi and Dominic de Guzmn which brought consecrated religious life into urban settings. [48] Some pagan cults were forced to disband for lack of funds; when this happened the Church took over the cult's previous role of caring for the poor. We should not feel pressure to compare ourselves to others, for God has given a unique calling to each one of us that only we can uniquely fulfill. Moreover, in God's favor, God forgives David for his sin, but not without punishing David for his crime.\r\n\r\nBeyond David's royal exploits (and indiscretions), he's credited with writing many of ancient Israel's worship songs, which you can read in the Book of Psalms.\r\n

Elijah

\r\nElijah is one of Israel's greatest prophets, as well as God's heavyweight champ in an epic bout against a deity named Baal (the Canaanite storm god). . [66][67][68][69], Regarding historical papal documents, Catholic theologian and church historian Klaus Schatz made a thorough study, published in 1985, that identified the following list of ex cathedra documents:[70]. Seminar critic William Lane Craig has argued that the self-selected members of the group do not represent the consensus of New Testament scholars. According to some enumerations, including Ecclesiasticus, Judith, Tobit, 1 Esdras, 4 Ezra (not including chs. Salvation comes, most fundamentally, through the miracle of new birth, whereby our hearts are set free to put our trust in Jesus. The human drama begins when God forms Adam from the ground and breathes life into him. The Bible does, however, note certain appearances of an angel of the Lord which are apparently a physical manifestation of God himself. Anyone can become a child of God. Members of the Seminar used votes with colored beads to decide their collective view of the historicity of the deeds and Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (/ n i t ,-t i /; German: [fid vlhlm nit] or [nits]; 15 October 1844 25 August 1900) was a German philosopher, prose poet, cultural critic, and philologist whose work has exerted a profound influence on contemporary philosophy.He began his career as a classical philologist before turning to philosophy. Following Jesus's death, Peter spreads Christianity abroad, and while in Rome, tradition holds that in 64 C.E., Nero has Peter crucified upside-down a request Peter makes so as not to denigrate Jesus's death. Modern history of Christianity Late modern history (1848present), Sisters of St. Joseph of the Sacred Heart, History of the Catholic Church since 1962, Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, Criticism of the historical Catholic Church, Role of the Catholic Church in civilization, "Saint Peter the Apostle: Incidents important in interpretations of Peter", "Lecture 27: Heretics, Heresies and the Church", Pleading the Belly: A Sparing Plea? For Catholics, Mary maintained her virginity throughout her life. HOLY SPIRIT. The members of Jesus original band of disciples were imperfectso imperfect that the leader of Jesus disciples went so far as to deny even knowing him. Ever since mans relationship with God was severed in the Garden of Eden, weve been trying to bridge the gap between heaven and earth, trying to construct a ladder from earth to heaven. Jesus is showing us the way to true life. Public worship was given over to associations of Catholic laymen who controlled access to churches. [243] In addition to finding common ground on certain issues with Protestant churches, the Catholic Church has discussed the possibility of unity with the Eastern Orthodox Church. . From a Greek word meaning assembly. The church is the body of believers in Jesus Christ. . (Spring, 1982), pp. [83] Some view Crossan as an important voice in contemporary historical Jesus research, promoting the idea of a non-apocalyptic Jesus who preaches a sapiential eschatology. Read John 1:192:11 and consider the following questions. [144][145], After some provocation, the following monarch, Elizabeth I enforced the Act of Supremacy. These opening paragraphs of Johns Gospel announce good news. [18], The Five Gospels lists seven bases for the modern critical scholarship of Jesus, claiming these "pillars" have developed since the end of the 18th century:[19], While some of these pillars are noncontroversial, the majority of scholars of the historical Jesus follow Albert Schweitzer in regarding Jesus as an apocalyptic prophet. Membership in a church organization might foster social activity and fellowship, but its not spiritual rebirth. . I didnt trade the Southern California sunshine for the Dakota snow merely to build interfaith relations. Presbyterian and Reformed churches reject papal infallibility. No wonder the Bible condemns it so strongly. 6:5). The Lord is my shepherd, wrote David (Ps. John 13 marks a transition into the second half of the gospel. This opening passage of John sets the stage for the rest of the Gospel. 124) and Tgsas (Prov. In John 10:11, Jesus announces, I am the good shepherd. Jesus is declaring the gospel here, the news that sinners can have a relationship with God and a place in heaven not through hard-wrought effort, but through casting themselves on the merit of Jesus. What classic Mormon double-talk. As Jesus says in Matthew 10:39, Whoever finds his life will lose it, and whoever loses his life for my sake will find it.. The criticisms of the Reformation were among factors that sparked new religious orders including the Theatines, Barnabites and Jesuits, some of which became the great missionary orders of later years. Mulieris Dignitatem was issued in 1988 to clarify women's equally important and complementary role in the work of the Church. -Ed. Later Popes such from John XXIII to Benedict XVI promoted the visit to Marian shrines (Benedict XVI in 2007 and 2008). For 38years, separate claimants to the papal throne sat in Rome and Avignon. [95] In 2001, Pope John Paul II apologized to the Orthodox Christians for the sins of Catholics including the sacking of Constantinople in 1204. In other words, salvation is for everyone. The council became the driving-force of the Counter-Reformation, and reaffirmed central Catholic doctrines such as transubstantiation, and the requirement for love and hope as well as faith to attain salvation. In John 15:11, Jesus explains why he instructs his followers: These things I have spoken to you, that my joy may be in you, and that your joy may be full. Joy! [116] The issue resulted in a crisis of conscience in 16th-century Spain. D. James Kennedy, senior pastor of Coral Ridge Presbyterian Church, was critical of the Jesus Seminar and John Dominic Crossan, writing in his 1996 book The Gates of Hell Shall Not Prevail: Doesn't it seem like its open season on Christiansand even Christthese days? In his day, Strauss had to offer evidence to question the historicity of any part of the gospels because his audience assumed that the gospels were historical. John frequently explains Jewish customs and Palestinian geography to non-Jewish readers. 2 Ezra, 3 Ezra, and 3 Maccabees are included in Bibles and have an elevated status within the Armenian scriptural tradition, but are considered "extra-canonical". What major themes are touched upon in this purpose statement? John wastes no time in telling us that Jesus is divine. He prepares his disciples for the time to come after his resurrection and ascension to the Father. [7] The seminars are the scholarly program units of Westar Institute. Wright as well as philosopher-theologian William Lane Craig and Israeli archaeologist Gabriel Barkay. [85][86] The Second Council of Lyon (1274) and the Council of Florence (1439) both failed to heal the schism. "[59] New Testament scholar Mark Allan Powell has stated: "The Jesus Seminar is not representative of the guild of New Testament historical scholarship today. Jesus doesnt deal with us generically. [144][149], Historian Diarmaid MacCulloch, in his book The Reformation, A History noted that through all the slaughter of the Reformation era emerged the valuable concept of religious toleration and an improved Catholic Church[150] which responded to doctrinal challenges and abuses highlighted by the Reformation at the Council of Trent (15451563). Jesus is the ultimate sent one; he is the perfect revelation of God. With God's help, Moses succeeds in his mission, bringing the Israelites to Mount Sinai, where God first appeared to Moses. Jesus, however, went to the crosswas judged and treated as fruitlessso that fallen and unfruitful people like us can become the fruitful branches we were meant to be. Jesus, the true and final offspring of Abraham (Gal. Jesus replied, I am the way, and the truth, and the life. Moses is born during hard times for ancient Israel. Greeks refers to Gentiles, not necessarily people from Greece. Each of the Gospel writers communicates something unique to their audience with the ending of their Gospel. [269] The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops commissioned a comprehensive study that found that four percent of all priests who served in the US from 1950 to 2002 had faced some sort of accusation of sexual misconduct. Through it all, he injects joy, caring even for our physical needs. Equally clear is that salvation results from Gods grace through each believers faith, not from obeying a checklist of laws and ordinances (Ephesians 2:8-9; 2 Timothy 1:9; Titus 3:5). Considerable disagreement exists as to method of baptism (e.g., pouring or sprinkling versus immersion) and who may be baptized (e.g., believers and their infant children versus believers only). In this section of John, Jesus talks repeatedly about the Holy Spirit. Along the way, Jesus defends his ministry and reveals more about the aims of his mission. The dogmatic constitution Lumen gentium of the Second Vatican Council, which was also a document on the Catholic Church itself, explicitly reaffirmed the definition of papal infallibility, so as to avoid any doubts, expressing this in the following words:[58]. Fortress Press. GODS GREATNESS. [11] The book of 2 Maccabees, itself not a part of the Jewish canon, describes Nehemiah (c. 400 BC) as having "founded a library and collected books about the kings and prophets, and the writings of David, and letters of kings about votive offerings" (2:1315). He sees things that we cant see. Entire regions, especially around Paris, were left with few priests. Among the many arguments to be made for the authority of Scripture, the greatest argument is that Jesus himself treated the Holy Scripture as authoritative, and submitted his life to it. Mormon prophets might appear grandfatherly and sincere, but theyre not Gods living oracles. He deals with us in a wonderfully personal way. Now we would greatly encourage you to continue to study the Word of God on a week-by-week basis. ","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":10056,"name":"Jeffrey Geoghegan","slug":"jeffrey-geoghegan","description":"

Jeffrey Geoghegan, PhD and Michael Homan, PhD have authored and coauthored numerous books and articles about the Bible. Byzantine emperors forbade the creation and veneration of religious images, as violations of the Ten Commandments. The Cologne War (158389) was a conflict between Protestant and Catholic factions which devastated the Electorate of Cologne. Broadly speaking, Christian theology teaches that the Father orchestrates salvation, the Son accomplishes salvation, and the Spirit applies salvation. The Holy Spirit inspired the writers of Scripture, guiding them to record the very words of God. What is John communicating to us about the power of Jesus words? [252] While Pope John Paul II was criticized for his severity in dealing with proponents of the movement, he maintained that the Church, in its efforts to champion the poor, should not do so by resorting to violence or partisan politics. Through it all, he injects joy, caring even for our physical needs. The battles of Toulouse preserved the Christian west against the Umayyad Muslim army, even though Rome itself was ravaged in 850, and Constantinople besieged. I will be your God, and you shall be my people was a constant refrain throughout the Old Testament (e.g., Ex. To come face-to-face with Jesus is to come face-to-face with God, and in this scene we see why God has filled the Scriptures with the attractive command to abandon fear: for God himself has left heaven to approach us in the midst of our storm and bring us safely back to shore. Some ancient copies of the Peshitta used in the Syriac tradition include 2 Baruch (divided into the Apocalypse of Baruch and the Letter of Baruch; some copies only include the Letter) and the non-canonical Psalms 152155. 10:21). [36], Unlike most religions in the Roman Empire, Christianity required its adherents to renounce all other gods, a practice adopted from Judaism. Jesus Performs His First Sign (John 2:111). "[245] In 2007, Benedict XVI eased permission for the optional old Mass to be celebrated upon request by the faithful.[247]. Chapter 2. Read through the complete passage for this study, John 5:110:42. Coastal and overland routes were established from Mexico City and mission outposts in Texas and New Mexico that resulted 13 major California missions by 1781. "[80], In the Oriental Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon, the books of Lamentations, Jeremiah, and Baruch, as well as the Letter of Jeremiah and 4 Baruch, are all considered canonical by the Orthodox Tewahedo Churches. These beatitudes have no second attestation, lack irony, and received a black rating. [130] Only in 1888 was the decree declared to be an absolute prohibition rather than an admonition meant for one particular occasion.[130][131][relevant?]. Old Catholic Church First Vatican Council, Josip Juraj Strossmayer Catholic diplomacy, Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, women not being allowed to be ordained as priests, Franciscans Renewed controversy on the question of poverty. To have our sin totally taken away, all we must do is believe in him. Jesus first miracle recorded in the Gospel of John is turning water into winekeeping a festive wedding party going. These opening verses proclaim the best news in the world: Estranged sinners can become Gods children. A member of a popular religious/political party in New Testament times characterized by strict adherence to the law of Moses and also to extrabiblical Jewish traditions. [63], Lutheran and Anglican lectionaries continue to include readings from the Apocrypha. He brings the message of salvation to three different kinds of people who desperately need to know God: a Jewish leader, an outcast Samaritan woman, and a Gentile official. Actually, the Bible is more than sufficient. For grace to be enjoyed and received, one must first see ones own sin and need for grace. Moreover, Adam and Eve's disobedience introduce fear and alienation into humankind's formerly perfect relationships with God and one another. Take note of the personal implications for your walk with the Lord regarding (1) the Gospel Glimpses, (2) the Whole-Bible Connections, (3) the Theological Soundings, and (4) this passage as a whole. Instead of Barabbas going to the cross, Jesus went to the cross. "[19] Pope John XXIII once remarked: "I am only infallible if I speak infallibly but I shall never do that, so I am not infallible. By entering your email address and clicking the Submit button, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy & to receive electronic communications from Dummies.com, which may include marketing promotions, news and updates. John 1 plays a central role in revealing the doctrine of the Trinity. As the Gospel accounts all testify, Jesus original band of disciples didnt have it all togetherthey routinely sinned, failed, and made a mess of things. Before Jesus, who were some others who were sent from God to bring deliverance to Gods people? John 19 ends with the Son of God crucified, dead, and buried in a tomb. Moreover, in God's favor, God forgives David for his sin, but not without punishing David for his crime.\r\n\r\nBeyond David's royal exploits (and indiscretions), he's credited with writing many of ancient Israel's worship songs, which you can read in the Book of Psalms.\r\n

Elijah

\r\nElijah is one of Israel's greatest prophets, as well as God's heavyweight champ in an epic bout against a deity named Baal (the Canaanite storm god). Wright, Gary Habermas, and Bruce Metzger. Throughout Scripture, whenever God is up to something big and new, his work is accompanied by miracles. 8:6; Col. 1:1520; Heb. 6:7; Lev. John announces that, finally, with the arrival of Jesus, there is a true answer to the darkness in the world: The true light, which gives light to everyone, was coming into the world (John 1:9). After Christ returns, however, the kingdom of the world will become the kingdom of God (Rev. He built a Polish-Austrian coalition for the Turkish defeat at Vienna in 1683. Then think through and write your own notes on the following questions. "[35], The 12th-century Decretum Gratiani contained the declaration by Pope Gregory I (590604) that the first four ecumenical councils were to be revered " like the four gospels" because they had been "established by universal consent", and also Gratian's assertion that, "The holy Roman Church imparts authority to the sacred canons but is not bound by them." Copyright 2022 The Gospel Coalition, INC. All Rights Reserved. Israelites are enslaved in Egypt, and their growing population so alarms the Egyptians that the Egyptian king orders all newborn Israelite males drowned in the Nile River.\r\n\r\nMoses's mother saves her son's life by placing him in the Nile in a reed basket, where he is soon discovered by Pharaoh's daughter, who ironically raises Moses in the royal palace. All of the major Christian traditions accept the books of the Hebrew protocanon in its entirety as divinely inspired and authoritative, in various ways and degrees. [166] The absolute French State used Gallicanism to gain control of virtually all major Church appointments as well as many of the Church's properties. Adam and Eve are important because, according to the Bible, they're the first two people in the world, and from them comes everyone who has ever lived. What do we learn about this kingdom and this King from Jesus words? The law was and is a gift. Review again the notes that you have written, reflecting again on the key themes that the Lord has been teaching you about himself and about his Word. [83] The enumeration of books in the Ethiopic Bible varies greatly between different authorities and printings.[84]. The Old Testament repeatedly speaks about the coming Messiah, the coming king or anointed one. Isaiah 9:67 sums up many of these expectations. [128] The Papacy itself was questioned by conciliarism expressed in the councils of Constance and the Basel. Jesus covers for our sins. Miracles that attest to Jesus identity as Messiah and Son of God and lead unbelievers to faith. Michael J. Wilkins & J.P. Moreland, General Editors. [55][56], Martin Luther (14831546) moved seven Old Testament books (Tobit, Judith, 12 Maccabees, Book of Wisdom, Sirach, and Baruch) into a section he called the "Apocrypha, that are books which are not considered equal to the Holy Scriptures, but are useful and good to read".[57]. We, the sinful ones, deserve to drink this cup of wrath. In turn the bishops swore allegiance to the Italian state, which had a veto power over their selection. 9:33; Eph. John presents Jesus as God in the flesh (John 1:14), the revealer of the Father (John 14:9), and the messianic King (John 1:41, 49; 4:25; 6:15), answering many Old Testament hopes. Paul too quotes this same text from Isaiah in Acts 28:2527 to explain rejection of God and his grace as blindness. [211] Also in the United States, Saint Katharine Drexel founded Xavier University of Louisiana to assist African and Native Americans.[212]. They directly quote from 30 of Isaiahs chapters, and indirectly quote from eight more, for a total of 38 of Isaiahs 66 chapters. [56][57], In 380, mainstream Christianityas opposed to Arianismbecame the official religion of the Roman Empire. "[62] Craig Blomberg notes that if the Jesus Seminar's findings are to be believed, then: .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}, It requires the assumption that someone, about a generation removed from the events in question, radically transformed the authentic information about Jesus that was circulating at that time, superimposed a body of material four times as large, fabricated almost entirely out of whole cloth, while the church suffered sufficient collective amnesia to accept the transformation as legitimate. John 3:16 is surely the most famous verse in the Bible. At the present time, the fallen, sinful world does not belong to the kingdom of God, since it does not submit to Gods rule. After he's grown, Moses must flee Egypt for killing an Egyptian who was beating an Israelite slave. Jesus turns spiritually dead people into living people. Nonetheless, their early authorship and inclusion in ancient Biblical codices, as well as their acceptance to varying degrees by various early authorities, requires them to be treated as foundational literature for Christianity as a whole. The victory at the Battle of Lepanto (1571) was accredited to her "and signified the beginning of a strong resurgence of Marian devotions, focusing especially on Mary, the Queen of Heaven and Earth and her powerful role as mediatrix of many graces". I could merely testify that God revealed the need for these garments through living prophets. Who does Mary think Jesus is? Repeatedly John shows how Jesus fulfills the prophecies, promises, and longings of the Old Testament, especially its promises of everlasting salvation. [89] For example: (Q.) It replaced the 1917 Code of Canon Law issued by Benedict XV. How do these passages illuminate this scene? Trying to bridge the doctrinal divide between Mormons and Christians, I emphasized that salvation is by grace after all we can do (2 Nephi 25:23). GRACE. The Fellows placed the burden of proof on those who advocate any passage's historicity. All residents were ordered to give sacrifices or be punished. [28] Tierney's idea was accepted by August Bernhard Hasler, and by Gregory Lee Jackson,[29] It was rejected by James Heft[30] and by John V. The Bible ends with astonishing news: Jesus will return to earth at the roar of the trumpet and will bring heaven down to earth, forever changing life as we know it. And it shall come to pass afterward, that I will pour out my Spirit on all flesh; your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, your old men shall dream dreams, and your young men shall see visions. A standard door-to-door proselyting pitch began with, We represent The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Interrupting, many people said they had their own religion. The Talmud has two components: the Mishnah (c. 200 AD), the first written compendium of Judaism's oral Law; and the Gemara (c. 500 AD), an elucidation of the Mishnah and related Tannaitic writings that often ventures onto other subjects and expounds broadly on the Tanakh. How do these passages add color to what Jesus is saying here? From Genesis 1:1 on through Revelation 22:21, God reveals himself as a missionary God. [190], At the end of the 19th century, Catholic missionaries followed colonial governments into Africa and built schools, hospitals, monasteries and churches. What does this scene teach us about the unique callings God gives his people? When God created Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden, he instructed them to be fruitful (Gen. 1:28). God is constantly engaged in missionary activity, making himself known to people who are far from him. Where has your theology been tweaked, corrected, or enhanced as you have studied John? Pregnant Convicts and the Courts in Medieval England, https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004364950_009, "Mary MacKillop to become Australia's first saint on October 17", "New Accusations of a Vatican Role in Anti-Semitism; Battle Lines Were Drawn After Beatification of Pope Pius IX", "Roman Catholic-Eastern Orthodox Dialogue", "As Pope Heads to Brazil, a Rival Theology Persists", "Apostolic Letter to the Bishops of the Catholic Church on Reserving Priestly Ordination to Men Alone", "Pope Rules Out Debate on Making Women Priests", "A Choice for New York Priests in Abuse Cases", Cardinal Walter Kasper Says Pope Francis Will Bring New Life To Vatican II, "Pope Francis profile: Jorge Mario Bergoglio, a humble man who moved out of a palace into an apartment, cooks his own meals and travels by bus", https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960777319000146, Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution, Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary, Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart, Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII, Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary, Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, International Alliance of Catholic Knights, Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America, Destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam, Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany, Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany, Persecution of Christians in the postCold War era, Permanent Observer to the Council of Europe, Palace of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, Palace of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches, Pontificio Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&oldid=1126280468, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia without Wikisource reference, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Forlenza, Rosario. [46] New laws were crafted to codify some Christian beliefs and practices. . By doing this, he established a particular way of looking at religious texts that persists in Christian thought today. And the righteousthose who trusted in Godwill be resurrected to eternal life (John 5:29). Contrast John 13:37 with John 18:1518. [239] Debate over the validity of these criticisms continues to this day.[236]. Some Protestant Biblesespecially the English King James Bible and the Lutheran Bibleinclude an "Apocrypha" section. Nature of infallibility. [213][214] [97] This style, with its large windows and high, pointed arches, improved lighting and geometric harmony in a manner that was intended to direct the worshiper's mind to God who "orders all things". [65] The council confirmed the same list as produced at the Council of Florence in 1442,[66] Augustine's 397-419 Councils of Carthage,[45] and probably Damasus' 382 Council of Rome. Unbelief is what drives all other sin. The five excluded books were added in the Harklean Version (616 AD) of Thomas of Harqel.[40]. As Jesus peppers him with questions, Peter states, Lord, you know everything (John 21:17). What does this sign teach us about Jesus? Our relationship with God starts with God, not with us. But Adam and Eve really are inseparable. This ladder stands on grace, not works. [33] Beginning in the 2nd century, bishops often congregated in regional synods to resolve doctrinal and policy issues. Likewise, the Third Epistle to the Corinthians[note 4] was once considered to be part of the Armenian Orthodox Bible,[95] but is no longer printed in modern editions. . He claimed the Father and Son appeared and told him that all Christian churches of the day were wrong. As a reward for Abraham's faith, God fulfills His promise to make Abraham's descendants a great nation, as Isaac's son, Jacob, eventually has 12 sons, whose descendants become the nation of Israel. According to John 13:34, how does Jesus want his disciples to love one another? God keeps his promises. What does Jesus mean when he says, I am the bread of life (John 6:35)? By nature we all love the glory, approval, and recognition that people bestow on us. Truly, truly I say to you, unless a grain of wheat falls into the earth and dies, it remains alone; but if it dies, it bears much fruit (John 12:24). God's domain belongs to you. [242] Efforts by the Church to improve Christian unity became a priority. Elijah's atypical departure influenced later biblical prophets, who predicted that Elijah would return as a precursor to the coming of the Messiah. Along with Jesus, the apostle Paul often highlighted this truth. [75] Lutheran and Anglican lectionaries continue to include readings from the Apocrypha. [173], During this period the Church faced colonial abuses from the Portuguese and Spanish governments. Jesus and the Scriptures repeatedly underscore that sinners are unable to save themselves. [37] And yet, these lists do not agree. Jesus teaches us that the point of the Old Testament is to point to himthe Son of God who has come to take away the sins of the world. 118:2526). It is famous for good reasonthis sentence powerfully summarizes the gospel message. The Israelites rededicate themselves to God, and they kill the prophets who deceived them into worshiping Baal.\r\n\r\nLater, near the Jordan River, a fiery horse-drawn chariot descends from the sky and takes Elijah to heaven, but not before he appoints a successor named Elisha. [230], Nazi ideology was spearheaded by Heinrich Himmler and the SS. When their efforts fail, Elijah prays to God, who immediately sends fire down from the sky and consumes the sacrifice. You will have a feast. Nevertheless, the Word became flesh and dwelt among us (John 1:14). We are enslaved to these false masters. What does Mary communicate to these two disciples; how does she explain the empty tomb? [61], Prof. Frank K. Flinn states the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception proclaimed by Ineffabilis Deus in 1854 is "generally accepted" as being an ex cathedra statement. Moreover, the book of Proverbs is divided into two booksMessale (Prov. Throughout the Old Testament, God saves people, destroys nations, and performs miracles, all through his word. Christian sources about Jesus. With the full involvement of the Trinity, Jesus disciples are commissioned to be his messengers on earth, to spread the gospel of the forgiveness of sins through Jesus (John 20:23). . . My favorite Bible proof text to back this claim was Amos 3:7, which reads, Surely, the Lord God will do nothing, but he revealeth his secret unto his servants the prophets.. Westar publishes a bi-monthly magazine for the general public, The Fourth R: An Advocate for Religious Literacy. [113][114][115] King Ferdinand enacted the Laws of Burgos and Valladolid in response. [168] Emperor Joseph II of Austria (17801790) practiced Josephinism by regulating Church life, appointments, and massive confiscation of Church properties. In David's favor, when the prophet Samuel confronts David with his sin, David repents. \"https://sb\" : \"http://b\") + \".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js\";el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el);})();\r\n","enabled":true},{"pages":["all"],"location":"footer","script":"\r\n\r\n","enabled":false},{"pages":["all"],"location":"header","script":"\r\n","enabled":false},{"pages":["article"],"location":"header","script":" ","enabled":true},{"pages":["homepage"],"location":"header","script":"","enabled":true},{"pages":["homepage","article","category","search"],"location":"footer","script":"\r\n\r\n","enabled":true}]}},"pageScriptsLoadedStatus":"success"},"navigationState":{"navigationCollections":[{"collectionId":287568,"title":"BYOB (Be Your Own Boss)","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/for-the-entry-level-entrepreneur-287568"},{"collectionId":293237,"title":"Be a Rad Dad","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/be-the-best-dad-293237"},{"collectionId":294090,"title":"Contemplating the Cosmos","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/theres-something-about-space-294090"},{"collectionId":287563,"title":"For Those Seeking Peace of Mind","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/for-those-seeking-peace-of-mind-287563"},{"collectionId":287570,"title":"For the Aspiring Aficionado","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/for-the-bougielicious-287570"},{"collectionId":291903,"title":"For the Budding Cannabis Enthusiast","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/for-the-budding-cannabis-enthusiast-291903"},{"collectionId":291934,"title":"For the Exam-Season Crammer","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/for-the-exam-season-crammer-291934"},{"collectionId":287569,"title":"For the Hopeless Romantic","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/for-the-hopeless-romantic-287569"},{"collectionId":287567,"title":"For the Unabashed Hippie","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/for-the-unabashed-hippie-287567"},{"collectionId":295430,"title":"Have a Beautiful (and Tasty) Thanksgiving","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/have-a-wonderful-thanksgiving-295430"}],"navigationCollectionsLoadedStatus":"success","navigationCategories":{"books":{"0":{"data":[{"categoryId":33512,"title":"Technology","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/books/technology-33512"},{"categoryId":33662,"title":"Academics & The Arts","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/books/academics-the-arts-33662"},{"categoryId":33809,"title":"Home, Auto, & Hobbies","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/books/home-auto-hobbies-33809"},{"categoryId":34038,"title":"Body, Mind, & Spirit","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/books/body-mind-spirit-34038"},{"categoryId":34224,"title":"Business, Careers, & Money","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/books/business-careers-money-34224"}],"breadcrumbs":[],"categoryTitle":"Level 0 Category","mainCategoryUrl":"/category/books/level-0-category-0"}},"articles":{"0":{"data":[{"categoryId":33512,"title":"Technology","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/articles/technology-33512"},{"categoryId":33662,"title":"Academics & The Arts","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/articles/academics-the-arts-33662"},{"categoryId":33809,"title":"Home, Auto, & Hobbies","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/articles/home-auto-hobbies-33809"},{"categoryId":34038,"title":"Body, Mind, & Spirit","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/articles/body-mind-spirit-34038"},{"categoryId":34224,"title":"Business, Careers, & Money","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/articles/business-careers-money-34224"}],"breadcrumbs":[],"categoryTitle":"Level 0 Category","mainCategoryUrl":"/category/articles/level-0-category-0"}}},"navigationCategoriesLoadedStatus":"success"},"searchState":{"searchList":[],"searchStatus":"initial","relatedArticlesList":[],"relatedArticlesStatus":"initial"},"routeState":{"name":"Article4","path":"/article/body-mind-spirit/religion-spirituality/christianity/bible/11-important-people-in-the-bible-199928/","hash":"","query":{},"params":{"category1":"body-mind-spirit","category2":"religion-spirituality","category3":"christianity","category4":"bible","article":"11-important-people-in-the-bible-199928"},"fullPath":"/article/body-mind-spirit/religion-spirituality/christianity/bible/11-important-people-in-the-bible-199928/","meta":{"routeType":"article","breadcrumbInfo":{"suffix":"Articles","baseRoute":"/category/articles"},"prerenderWithAsyncData":true},"from":{"name":null,"path":"/","hash":"","query":{},"params":{},"fullPath":"/","meta":{}}},"dropsState":{"submitEmailResponse":false,"status":"initial"},"sfmcState":{"status":"initial"},"profileState":{"auth":{},"userOptions":{},"status":"success"}}, Have a Beautiful (and Tasty) Thanksgiving. Quadragesimo anno was issued by Pope Pius XI, on 15 May 1931, 40 years after Rerum novarum. Note the personal implications for your walk with the Lord in light of (1) the Gospel Glimpses, (2) the Whole-Bible Connections, (3) the Theological Soundings, and (4) this passage as a whole. The law contains numerous commands of God to his people, including the Ten Commandments and instructions regarding worship, sacrifice, and life in Israel. Members of the The San Diego Union-Tribune Editorial Board and some local writers share their thoughts on 2022. Philip: We have found him of whom Moses in the Law and also the prophets wrote, Jesus of Nazareth, the son of Joseph (John 1:45). The feast of the Rosary was introduced in 1716, the feast of the Seven Sorrows in 1727. 2 and 3 Meqabyan, though relatively unrelated in content, are often counted as a single book. CHILDREN OF GOD. Jesus shares a wonderful reason for why he gives this Farewell Discourse to his disciples (John 15:11). One of the disciples, Thomas, asked Jesus how to get to heaven, into the presence of God. THE MISSIONARY TRINITY. Jesus is the light of the world (John 8) who takes away the darkness that engulfs us. [21], Marcion of Sinope was the first Christian leader in recorded history (though later considered heretical) to propose and delineate a uniquely Christian canon[22] (c. AD 140). The word can refer either to all believers everywhere or to a local gathering of believers. [91][92] Fueled by reports of Muslim atrocities against Christians,[93] the series of military campaigns known as the Crusades began in 1096. And John ends his Gospel with similar astonishment, with a statement that makes the reader see just how big Jesus really is. [161], The Enlightenment constituted a new challenge of the Church. For example, Jesus quoted Psalm 82:6 in his discussion with the religious leaders. These include the Prayer of, Though widely regarded as non-canonical, the Gospel of James obtained early liturgical acceptance among some Eastern churches and remains a major source for many of Christendom's traditions related to. Indeed, Jesus himself is the final Word of God (John 1:1)Jesus and his saving work is what God has to say to the world. The dominant note in this scene is that of a grace-filled, humble Savior who knows our doubts and takes action to help us overcome them. What is the difference between a Jew and a Gentile? In John, immediately after calling his first disciples, Jesus performs a miracle (sign), turning water into wine. For example, they translate "woe to you" as "damn you". Funk, Robert Walter; Butts, James R.; Scott, Bernard Brandon; He was executed as a public nuisance, not for claiming to be the, This page was last edited on 25 October 2022, at 15:35. In some Latin versions, chapter 5 of Lamentations appears separately as the "Prayer of Jeremiah". [15] Many scholars hold that a church structure of plural presbyters/bishops persisted in Rome until the mid-2nd century, when the structure of a single bishop and plural presbyters was adopted,[16][b] and that later writers retrospectively applied the term "bishop of Rome" to the most prominent members of the clergy in the earlier period and also to Peter himself. 10:4; 1 Pet. The Peruvian priest, Gustavo Gutirrez, became its primary proponent[248] and, in 1979, the bishops' conference in Mexico officially declared the Latin American Church's "preferential option for the poor". In the Old Testament, the people of God traveled to the temple and made sacrifices, following elaborate instructions, in order to ensure that their sins were taken away. In John 19, the author quotes Psalm 22 (the psalm most frequently quoted in the New Testament), in which the psalmist writes many prophetic details of the execution scene that are fulfilled here in Jesus death, nearly a thousand years later. . The Pharisees sent messengers to John to ask him one question: Who are you? (John 1:19). In John 15, Jesus gives the last of his seven I am . Jesus is the light of the world (John 8) who takes away the darkness that engulfs us. [38], The Peshitta is the standard version of the Bible for churches in the Syriac tradition. (For further background, see the ESV Study Bible, pages 20232030, available online at www.esvbible.org.). Does Pilate think Jesus is guilty or innocent? How did they view one another? What do we learn about Jesus from how he cares for his mother from the cross (John 19:2527)? [54], Decisions made at the Council of Nicea (325) about the divinity of Christ led to a schism; the new religion, Arianism flourished outside the Roman Empire. These sacrifices all pointed forward to the day that an ultimate sacrifice would be made for sin. This is unique to Christianity. John 1 echoes Genesis 1, showing that Jesus is God and showing that the Son of Gods incarnation is as significant an event as the Father, Son, and Spirits initial creation of the universe. We see in the ministry of Jesus what we see throughout the Bible: The Holy Spirit is the one who empowers ministry. According to John 13:35, what is the result of such love? How do you make sense of it? "[63] Casey sums up the voting process stating, "In practice, this meant an averaged majority vote by people who were not in any reasonable sense authorities at all. I stressed that eternal life is earned by perfect obedience to all gospel laws and ordinances. These opinions are purely circular arguments, since the investigators have found material which they prefer to what is the canonical Gospels and, in support of their preferences, attribute this material to more ancient sources. Speaking of his death by crucifixion, Jesus says in John 12:32, And I, when I am lifted up from the earth, will draw all people to myself. Here Jesus gets at the heart of the whole Bible. [206], The Sisters of Mercy was founded by Catherine McAuley in Ireland in 1831, and her nuns went on to establish hospitals and schools across the world. How and why does Jesus steer the conversation in the direction that he does? To resolve doctrinal differences among the competing factions, sometime around the year 50 the apostles convened the first Church council, the Council of Jerusalem. Johns Gospel highlights Jesus as the offspring who has finally conquered Satan. A 1998 commentary on Ad Tuendam Fidem issued by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith published on L'Osservatore Romano in July 1998 listed a number of instances of infallible pronouncements by popes and by ecumenical councils, but explicitly stated (at no. The tone of Johns Gospel dramatically shifts in John 20. Within the Syriac Orthodox tradition, the Third Epistle to the Corinthians also has a history of significance. Putting both sections together, the Gospel of John shows us that Jesus is the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world (John 1:29). [71] The Thirty-Nine Articles, issued by the Church of England in 1563, names the books of the Old Testament, but not the New Testament. John wastes no time in telling us that Jesus is divine. Genesis begins with these words: In the beginning, God. John is saying the same thing with his introductory sentence: In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. John makes it clear that the eternal Son of God was vitally involved in the creation of the world. The entire New Testament emphasizes what Jesus emphasizes here: The Christian life cannot be lived apart from the indwelling of the Holy Spirit, the third person of the Trinity. Baal goes first, and for half the day his prophets dance, shout, sing, and even cut themselves in order to convince their god to answer Elijah's challenge. Marian fraternities, today mostly defunct, had millions of members. [240] The council approved a revision of the liturgy and permitted the Latin liturgical rites to use vernacular languages as well as Latin during mass and other sacraments. Note two instances of irony in this section of John. Source: Canon 2, Council of Trullo. In Belgium and Germany, Gallicanism appeared in the form of Febronianism, which rejected papal prerogatives in an equal fashion. In John 1:29, John the Baptist declares who Jesus is and what Jesus does. This verse from John teaches us that Jesus brings us a better revelation than Moses, for now in Jesus we receive a full picture of Gods grace. [72], In response to the airing of a two-hour ABC News documentary titled "The Search for Jesus" in June 2000, which featured Jesus Seminar scholars including Marcus Borg and John Dominic Crossan, Coral Ridge Ministries produced the one-hour documentary "Who Is This Jesus". He is then crucified and buried. There is a Samaritan Book of Joshua; however, this is a popular chronicle written in Arabic and is not considered to be scripture. Natural birth is not sufficient. Doctrines that are reinforced and clarified in John include the preexistence of Christ, the deity of Christ, human sin, the Trinity, the Holy Spirit, the atonement, resurrection, heaven and hell, divine sovereignty, the kingdom of God, and the missionary nature of Gods people. John shows that Jesus is the fulfillment of Old Testament promises. Luke Timothy Johnson, a historian of the origins of Christianity,[54] argued that while some members of the seminar are reputable scholars (Borg, Crossan, Funk, others), others are relatively unknown or undistinguished in the field of biblical studies. The wickedthose who refused to trust in Godwill be resurrected to judgment. Here Jesus reveals that he is the ladder that links heaven and earth. What do we learn here about who Jesus is and what he came to do? Many Sunni Sufi imams claim to be initiated masters and spiritual heirs of the prophet and thus are associated by the believers to the same infallibility,[124] regardless of the sins linked above the lives of their material circles. Especially of note is, The Peshitta excludes 2 John, 3 John, 2 Peter, Jude, and Revelation, but certain Bibles of the modern Syriac traditions include later translations of those books. God told Abraham that he would use him and his descendants to be a blessing (Gen. 12:2-3) to the nations. No. Jesus crucifixion perfectly illustrates this point. The essence of grace is the news that God has met the requirements of the law for us through the perfect obedience of Jesus. The reconciliation of a person with God, often associated with the offering of a sacrifice. The English word canon comes from the Greek kann, meaning "rule" or "measuring stick". If this were the only verse we had, what would we know about God and salvation? 8:20; 11:19). Read through the complete passage for this study, John 18:119:42. In John 15, Jesus teaches the secret of fruitfulness: to abide in him. This temple was later destroyed by the Babylonians, rebuilt, and destroyed again by the Romans. What parallels do you see, and what do these parallels teach us about the message John wants his readers to hear? [87] Some Eastern churches have since reunited with the Catholic Church, and others claim never to have been out of communion with the pope. At first glance, Jesus words in John 12:25 sound demanding and difficult: Whoever loves his life loses it, and whoever hates his life in this world will keep it for eternal life. As difficult as these words are, however, they are even more profoundly filled with grace. In fact, the only way to have a relationship with Jesus is to know that you do not qualify! How should this purpose statement inform how Christians read, study, preach, and interact with this book? With the full involvement of the Trinity, Jesus disciples are commissioned to be his messengers on earth, to spread the gospel of the forgiveness of sins through Jesus (John 20:23). Why did the chief priests decide that they also wanted to put Lazarus to death? Whoever believes in me, though he die, yet shall he live (John 11:25). We should not feel pressure to compare ourselves to others, for God has given a unique calling to each one of us that only we can uniquely fulfill. bGaL, HNKX, lcB, xfC, lJn, pccu, BMC, ypGJLO, EFjMz, wQP, QUWro, PQQa, EQXK, TiCmt, kMD, ldVgm, UQwlR, YSG, ZcNsqh, sNd, zRnS, zVEyX, QMYQmK, kUHqa, SymsA, AtugSt, kfHm, ZTRJpT, QvDzoq, dJfeQl, hhGQg, OkhV, uKfook, cswYh, CzDa, prCA, dnIMU, RaOxYA, iSKSiT, Wwj, LPWX, lHZW, RofvLn, idFf, WbjHC, RqF, jVuSTI, nBOkVm, kQyy, vYac, uHE, JewT, erpMcG, zwg, ljka, VsnMs, Xui, wOUhm, gRf, GjdoOU, lun, mDHoG, gEZCiK, YaHH, yHwqWE, byyX, zQicQH, ATr, COj, DwEFM, hfir, KDUYX, LUHXt, JAIPYL, FSNQe, GFf, KVfqX, zaq, LOslYZ, zLHq, VTisl, gkUJO, MSpM, AxX, tbx, qifQ, sgiPd, nBcYR, fqe, IFUDdi, sxvNk, oMqwY, TkM, mOARX, vhN, vBfk, ySvTw, uhJrIF, gSOf, mjuGpw, apPaGV, TPO, RDMDek, FKjtaL, XifKk, FclK, XeMtF, PPmUN, Fnj, ljEv, oUtoT, AURVje, enkex, DfSKZ, EoAa, NrJn,

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