The ovary produces the ovum (the egg cell) which is the gametes (sexual reproductive cells) in the animals and the plants. Semen Overview, Composition & Production| What is Semen? Shelby has a BS in Animal Science and a MS in Agriculture and Natural Resources. The next feature used to increase surface area is called a villus (plural: villi). We hold our articles to the highest editorial standards by conducting original reporting, citing recent and relevant research and providing full context to ensure readers have all the facts they need to make important decisions about their health. Sperm cells are the male reproductive sex cells. E.g. with only 23 chromosomes. 0000006309 00000 n Organisms can also reproduce asexually through binary fission, fragmentation, spores, parthenogenesis and other methods. The villi are small, finger-like projections about a millimeter in length that protrude from the circular folds. In the human body, the meiosis process takes place to decrease the number of chromosomes in a normal cell which is 46 chromosomes to 23 chromosomes in eggs and sperms. The function of an enzyme is determined by its structure. Egg cells/ Ovum: The ovum is a female sex cell. Compared to activated motility, this type of motility occurs is in the female reproductive tract (site of fertilization). Using a simple wet mount procedure, it is possible to observe the morphology, population as well as the movement of sperm cells under the microscope. Read more here. In this condition the matured ovum is released from ovary and enters into uterus in mammals for fertilization. Cleavage in Animal Development | Overview, Patterns & Regulation. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. They produce eggs for fertilization and they make the hormones estrogen and progesterone. At this point, the embryo is able to develop into a fully formed offspring of its parents. SECTION 44-41-10. {{courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}}, Commensalism: Relationship Examples, Definition & Types, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Nonvascular Plants: Examples, Definition & Characteristics, Vascular Plants: Examples, Types & Characteristics, Angiosperms: Characteristics, Definition & Examples, Freshwater Biomes: Climate, Locations, Plants & Animals, Open Ocean Biome: Plants, Animals, Climate & Definition, What is a Terrestrial Ecosystem? Hence, diseases associated with mtDNA is gained by maternal inheritance. The oviducts, or fallopian tubes, extend from the uterus to the ovaries, but they are not in direct physical contact with the ovaries.The ends of the oviducts flare out into a trumpet-like structure and have a fringe of finger-like projections called fimbriae. The average person has an astounding 23 feet of small intestine! succeed. copyright 2003-2022 Study.com. So the number of chromosomes in meiosis decreases to half. W0[[V_R,Juvl/nhu\%)c|i(`'Nz dz)b52I:|Ox) They contain only one set of chromosomes, which is half of the genetic material required to make an organism they are found in. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. 0000147697 00000 n Platelet-activating factor, also known as PAF, PAF-acether or AGEPC (acetyl-glyceryl-ether-phosphorylcholine), is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, platelet aggregation and degranulation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.It is also involved in changes to vascular permeability, the oxidative burst, chemotaxis of leukocytes, as well as augmentation During motion, dynein in the microtubules causes the microtubule to slide in relation to the adjacent microtubules, which promote motility. This explains why you might have your dad's eye color and height, but your mom's hair color and body type. take the utmost precaution and care when performing a microscope Small Intestine Nutrient Absorption | Villi, Microvilli & Function. These projections (radial spokes) also play an important role of aligning the microtubules around the central pair. Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. The acrosome reaction is an important event that occurs when the sperm comes in contact with oocyte membrane at different sites. The pH level inside the acrosome is lower which causes the enzyme to remain inactive. Nucleus - The sperm head is the part of the cell that contains the nucleus. After you have finished with this lesson, you should be able to: To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Function of Golgi Apparatus [Click Here for Sample Questions] Secretion: All glandular cells rely on the Golgi complex to concentrate and package their products in a soluble protein coat observable under an electron microscope as dark staining. experiment. It is made up of several rows of granulosa cells that were left sticking to the egg after it was expelled from the follicle. Therefore, this is an important process that ensures that the sperm fertilizes a conspecific egg (within the same species). The problem with this, however, is that it kills sperm cells. 0000147329 00000 n AJOG's Editors have active research programs and, on occasion, publish work in the Journal. (2017). The ovum (egg cell) in the animals and the plants. From the pituitary gland, the luteinizing hormone surges and stimulates leydig cells present in testicles to produce testosterone. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. The cortical granules though not present in mammalian eggs are mucopolysaccharides covered over by Golgi membranes. experiment. The first process (meiosis) reduces chromosomes to half while the second involves changes in size and shape as the sperm mature to their normal shape. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. The female egg was seen as a vessel in which this new life would grow, a flower pot for the seedling. Once the villi have moved the nutrients into the villi cells, where do the nutrients go? Definition, Structure and Composition, Function 2. flashcard set{{course.flashcardSetCoun > 1 ? Your father and every other human male carry sperm cells, or male sex cells, in their testes. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. 3; cell structure & function, Cellular Organizations | Class 8 | Science, Ch 08 - Cell : The unit of Life || Class 11 ||, Cell the structrural and functional unit of life, Motion and its types--What is motion?--Types of motion, Introduction to physics--Branches of Physics--Importance of physics, Surface tension--Wetting Phenomena--Capillarity, Physical Quantities--Units and Measurement--Conversion of Units, Force, types of forces and system of forces, Wk5 Characteristics of Vertebrate Animals.pptx, No public clipboards found for this slide. Now, what would you say if I told you that the actual surface area of the small intestine was closer to 3,200 feet squared? All sexually reproducing organisms make sex cells called gametes. *Sperm cells have been shown to swim at an average rate of 3mm a minute. The head consists of a cap-like structure called the acrosome which contains digestive enzymes that help in the fertilization of the ovum. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Angela has taught college microbiology and anatomy & physiology, has a doctoral degree in microbiology, and has worked as a post-doctoral research scholar for Pittsburghs National Energy Technology Laboratory. * Motility is only possible if the flagellum is well developed and fully functional and if the cell has a source of energy to support movement. - Function, Types & Structure. 0000003042 00000 n - Definition, Examples & Types, Mechanical Isolation: Definition & Example, Bacterial Colony: Morphology, Characteristics & Definition, Binomial Nomenclature: Definition, Classification & System, Stomata of Plants: Function, Definition & Structure, What Are Natural Resources? Microsoft pleaded for its deal on the day of the Phase 2 decision last month, but now the gloves are well and truly off. Learn about the sperm cell definition and structure, as well as the sperm cell function in reproduction. Ovum refers to secondary oocyte stage of oogenesis, where the second maturation division is yet to occur. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. Ova (the plural of ovum) are produced by the plants, animals, fungi and protists that reproduce sexually. Privacy Policy3. *Phase contrast or differential interference contrast microscopes offer good contrast that makes it possible to recognize the sperm cells under the microscope. This can be a bit confusing when you think of one of the most common, visible and edible ovum around the chicken egg, in which the yolk looks like the nucleus of the cell but actually contains most of the egg cell. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. Remember, we said that DNA is like a recipe book that contains all of the information that makes an organism who and what it is. They were discovered by Albert von Klliker The simple length, however, does not even come close to describing the amount of surface area the small intestine contains. Moreover, the centriole is involved in the production of mitotic apparatus involved in separating chromosomes during cell division while at the same time being the template for all subsequent centrioles. 0000148456 00000 n Epididymis Function | Where is the Epididymis Located, Oocyte Development & Cell Cleavage During Fertilization, Cellular Injury: Infectious Causes & Their Processes, Freud's Little Hans Case Study | Theory, Interpretation & Implications, The Placenta and the Fetus: Structure and Function, What Are Nerve Cells? In mammals, the size of the egg is extremely small (0.15 mm in man). Finish this lesson so that you can later do the following: To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Each ovum is a rounded and non-motile structure. DNA is basically a recipe book used to make you, well, you. The function of the sperm is to provide half of the genetic material to form a fertilized zygote or embryo upon fertilizing with an egg. A cell consists of 3 parts: the cytomembrane, the nucleus, and, between the 2, the protoplasm. CELL DIVERSITY (ovum) is the largest cell in the body, and can (just) be seen without the aid of a microscope. Hyperactivated motility is also more erratic, with the flagellum depicting a symmetrical, lower-amplitude waveform. The egg fertilization takes place in the Fallopian tubes along with the sperm. The female reproductive system is framed to perform different functions. The axoneme is made up of structures referred to as microtubule doublets (containing inner and outer axonemal dynein) and a central pair (9+2 structure) and extends from the connecting piece of the tail to the end piece. Fate Mapping Process & Examples | How Fate Mapping Tracks Cell Development, Gastrulation in Frogs Overview & Steps | Gastrulation Definition, Oocyte Development & Cell Cleavage During Fertilization. `1J#U{ sE-U@\ .C\FFq=f t)bZJepQ`~{5`@0YjhQ` cF endstream endobj 1065 0 obj 454 endobj 1017 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 1011 0 R /Resources << /ColorSpace << /CS2 1021 0 R /CS3 1018 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS2 1047 0 R /GS3 1050 0 R >> /Shading << /Sh3 1058 0 R /Sh4 1060 0 R /Sh5 1062 0 R >> /Font << /TT4 1033 0 R /TT5 1031 0 R /TT6 1036 0 R /TT7 1039 0 R /C2_1 1040 0 R >> /XObject << /Im2 1044 0 R /Im3 1063 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageC ] >> /Contents [ 1020 0 R 1023 0 R 1025 0 R 1027 0 R 1029 0 R 1035 0 R 1043 0 R 1046 0 R ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 595 842 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 595 842 ] /Rotate 0 /StructParents 0 >> endobj 1018 0 obj /DeviceGray endobj 1019 0 obj 3118 endobj 1020 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 1019 0 R >> stream {{courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}} lessons As already mentioned, a normal sperm head has a smooth and oval shape. Its job is to fuse with a male sex cell to form a zygote that will eventually develop into a full organism. The sperm tail is a thin, elongated structure that makes up about 80 percent of the entire length of the sperm. Due to the erratic pattern of motion in hyperactivated motility, more energy is used for movement. flashcard sets, {{courseNav.course.topics.length}} chapters | 0000072394 00000 n 's' : ''}}. 0000131153 00000 n Create your account. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Spermatogenesis Diagram & Function | What is the Process of Sperm Production? 0000029506 00000 n A normal sperm will have the following characteristics: A sperm cell consists of a head, body (mid-section) and a tail. I feel like its a lifeline. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. When the two unite, a completely new organism, with a unique combination of biological information, is formed. Microvilli are tubular outrushing of plasmalemma for transportation of substances into and out of egg cytoplasm. The major reproductive organs of the male can be grouped into three categories. Some animal species have the ability to change gender when a suitable mate is not around. Complete the sentences describing the structure and function of the male reproductive system. Other factors such as pH, temperature, and quantity also affect an enzyme's effectiveness. Be sure to Definitions. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. 0000001878 00000 n Unlike the sperm head that carries genetic material, the midpiece contains tightly packed, In addition to providing the energy required for swimming, mitochondria is also suggested to play a role in controlled cell death known as, The axoneme is the central strand of the tail (, Compared to a wet mount (that is less likely to cause damage to the cells) staining allows for better. Capillaries move blood the entire length of the villus. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. 0000122123 00000 n Your ovaries play a critical role in both menstruation and conception. Share Your PPT File. In higher vertebrates, especially mammals, sperm are produced in the testes. Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. Each of these parts is equipped with various molecules and smaller structure that allow the sperm as a whole to function properly. Free access to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more. 0000003011 00000 n * Using this technique, it is possible to view the general morphology of sperm cells as well as sperm motility. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Breast milk may be from the breast, or may be expressed by hand or pumped and fed to the infant. Once the sperm cell enters the egg, the chromosomes combine with the female gamete to make up 46 chromosomes - It's the total of 46 chromosomes that determine the characteristics of the new organism (fetus etc). * Hyperactivated motility serves to prevent the sperm cell from getting trapped, propelling through the reproductive tract (of the female) as well as enhancing sperm penetration into the egg (oocyte). During discharge of ovum from the graafian follicle, several layer of epithelial cells adhere to the outer surface of zona pellucida and are arranged radially forming corona radiata (Fig. Egg cells have similar genetic composition to sperm, but their physical structure and initial formation are unique. Research what parthenogenesis is and how it can occur in animals that typically produce through sexual reproduction. Blastulation Overview & Process | What is Blastulation? These enzymes are capable of breaking down sugar, protein and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) directly on the surface of the microvilli. In cell biology, an organelle is a specialized subunit, usually within a cell, that has a specific function.The name organelle comes from the idea that these structures are parts of cells, as organs are to the body, hence organelle, the suffix -elle being a diminutive.Organelles are either separately enclosed within their own lipid bilayers (also called membrane-bound organelles) or 0000019319 00000 n Create your account. It receives the penis during sexual intercourse. Read on. Sperm, short for spermatozoon, is the male sex cell and, like the female egg cell, carries half of the DNA , or biological information, necessary to determine not only the type of organism, but also its characteristics. Most arthropods such as insects, vertebrates (excluding live-bearing mammals), and mollusks lay eggs, although some, such as scorpions, do 97 lessons This is a question and answer forum for students, teachers and general visitors for exchanging articles, answers and notes. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Apart from the enzymes, the acrosome also contains such polysaccharides as mannose, hexosmine and galactose. 97 lessons Organogenesis Overview & Examples | What is Organogenesis? | {{course.flashcardSetCount}} Major Blood Vessels Parts, Function & Anatomy | What are the Aorta's Branches? What does a sperm cell contribute to an embryo? 1014 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 1017 /H [ 1878 580 ] /L 929144 /E 165847 /N 11 /T 908744 >> endobj xref 1014 52 0000000016 00000 n Why, with sperm of course! We still have a long way to go. The empty string is the special case where the sequence has length zero, so there are no symbols in the string. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. 0000001738 00000 n I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. You can read the details below. Log in or sign up to add this lesson to a Custom Course. Channel Protein Function & Examples | What are Channel Proteins? The major function of vagina is to carry menstrual fluid out of the body. The acrosome occupies the space between the interior plasma membrane and nuclear membrane. 6 chapters | Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. An error occurred trying to load this video. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. The structure of an enzyme, especially its primary structure, is determined during protein synthesis. Meiosis (/ m a o s s / (); from Ancient Greek (mesis) 'lessening', since it is a reductional division) is a special type of cell division of germ cells in sexually-reproducing organisms that produces the gametes, such as sperm or egg cells.It involves two rounds of division that ultimately result in four cells with only one copy of each chromosome (). [clarification needed]Anatomy Measuring about a tenth of the tail, the structure is suggested to serve as a cork within the microtubules that stops them from growing and shrinking.. The SlideShare family just got bigger. In addition, they are linked to the central pair through radial spokes. Mammalian Sperm Acrosome Reaction: Where Does It Begin Before Fertilization? Or is the process of creating and using ova in these organisms the same? In man the ovum is covered over by a thin vitelline membrane which is further covered over by another primary membrane known as zona pellucida. C))To?. Do you know which one came first? A sperm cell consists of two parts, the head and the tail. Editor/authors are masked to the peer review process and editorial decision-making of their own work and are not able to access this work in the online manuscript submission system. Log in or sign up to add this lesson to a Custom Course. First of all, the small intestine is not a smooth tube. 0000072602 00000 n It is haploid or contains 23 chromosomes. Digestive & Gastrointestinal Problems & Symptoms | What Causes GI Problems? This is exactly what your small intestine does to fit a huge amount of nutrient-absorbing surface area into such a small starting area. The overall structure of the sperm makes it perfectly designed to carry out its function. Editorial Values. Sperm Biology from Production to Ejaculation. 0000111660 00000 n inside the protoplasm lie involved arrangements of fine fibers and a whole lot or perhaps thousands of minuscule but distinct structures known as organelles. First, we must always recognize elaborate data of cell structure and its performance. 2023 Outlook Survey: Ad Spend, Opportunities, and Strategies for Growth. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you 0000019557 00000 n In plants, the inheritance of mtDNA is the same as in mammals. Microscopy is one of the methods used in analysis. Hb```f``c`c` B,x0Ln9("cj,/'qx800z}5,{"B {6/J9d'mDO:9.`)6FZo<>_Cs\Z>~_,,L6/*81Ut AGGq .RR U Through this action, the flagellum forms a whip likebend. In mammals including man the ovum is discharged from the Graafian follicle (ovulation) with one polar body. I feel like its a lifeline. The main function of the meiotic division is the production of gametes (egg cells or sperm cells) or spores. It helps in producing the female gametes (egg cells) and in the fertilization of these gametes. Oxford Academic., https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/27-1-anatomy-and-physiology-of-the-male-reproductive-system/, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118904398.ch118. DNA carries genetic information - the genetic code. Unlike the sperm head that carries genetic material, the midpiece contains tightly packed mitochondria that provide the energy requires for swimming. Some cells like Euglena and Amoeba can change their shape, but most cells have a fixed shape. Before we continue, let's try this simple experiment. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The sperm consists of the head, neck, middle piece and tail. Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. copyright 2003-2022 Study.com. Endocrine and Exocrine Glands. Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. The ovum is the largest cell in the human body and is the cell from which a new human being is formed. * Chemotaxis allows the sperm to navigate towards the eggs through chemical signals. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. The cytoplasm of the ovum is called the 'ooplasm' (meaning 'egg material') or 'vitellus.' succeed. Digestive Enzymes Types & Functions | What are Digestive Enzymes? {{courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}} lessons The fact that the human body has invested that much length and interior space for absorption of nutrients shines a light on how crucial it is for our survival. Each of your ovaries has thousands of ovarian follicles. What part of oogenesis occurs during fetal development? Answer Now and help others. Parthenogenesis is a type of asexual reproduction, despite the use of ova. Most cells are small for two main reasons: a). You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. How are organisms produced through parthenogenesis different than ones produced through sexual reproduction? | 2 As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. These structures are tiny. | 2 The structure that gets embedded in the wall of the uterus is the 16 celled or 32 celled zygote. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. 0000148298 00000 n The overall structure of the sperm makes it perfectly designed to carry out its function. Give an example. While their general morphology includes a head, body, and tail, all sperm cells do not necessarily look alike. We've encountered a problem, please try again. Most of the inner structures of the egg cell are the same as those in any other animal cell, but they are given special names. c. Cells come only from the replication of existing cells. 0000147559 00000 n The ultra-structure of the uterine tubes facilitates the movement of the female gamete: The inner mucosa is lined with ciliated columnar epithelial cells and peg cells (non-ciliated secretory cells). It lies between the cervix to the exterior of the body. Create your account, 6 chapters | Hyperactivated motility (hyperactivation) - Hyperactivated motility is the second type of physiological motility. The entire body of the sperm is covered by a plasma membrane. De Jonge and Christopher L. R. Barratt. Explain with suitable example. We've updated our privacy policy. Our mission is to provide an online platform to help students to share notes in Biology. Yeast: Origin, Reproduction, Life Cycle and Growth Requirements | Industrial Microbiology, How is Bread Made Step by Step? It is the colourless, jelly-like substance composed of macromolecules, water and mixture of small molecules. acrosin) to be released and support sperm entry into the egg. The last, and largest, increase in surface area is related to the villi. Lymphatic Vessels Location, Function & Role | What are Lymphatic Vessels? MicroscopeMaster is not liable for your results or any * There are two main processes involved in spermatogenesis. The What are the characters Mendel selected for his experiments on pea plant? Centriole - The centriole is part of the sperm cell located between the head and the midpiece. The peripheral layer of ooplasm is known as cortex and it contains many microvilli and cortical granules. 0000147853 00000 n - Definition & Types, Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem: Definition & Examples, Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem Flashcards, Phosphorus Cycle: Steps, Definition & Diagram, Science Experiments: Elementary & Middle School, Science Fair Projects: Elementary & Middle School, SAT Subject Test Chemistry: Tutoring Solution, Study.com ACT® Test Prep: Help and Review, Study.com ACT® Test Prep: Tutoring Solution, UExcel Basic Genetics: Study Guide & Test Prep, DSST Principles of Physical Science: Study Guide & Test Prep, UExcel Science of Nutrition: Study Guide & Test Prep, Introduction to Nutrition: Certificate Program, Weather and Climate Science: Certificate Program, UExcel Weather and Climate: Study Guide & Test Prep, Lanthanide Contraction: Definition & Consequences, Actinide Contraction: Definition & Causes, Converting 60 cm to Inches: How-To & Steps, Converting Acres to Hectares: How-To & Steps, Chemical Synthesis: Definition & Examples, Enantiomeric Excess: Definition, Calculation & Examples, Asymmetric Induction: Chelation, Non-Chelation, Cram-Reetz & Evans Models, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community, Describe the production of the female gamete, Point out the different parts of the ovum and understand its purpose. See more. An erection (clinically: penile erection or penile tumescence) is a physiological phenomenon in which the penis becomes firm, engorged, and enlarged. While the tail may appear to be one long continuous structure, it is divided into several parts that include: * The principal piece and the end piece of the flagella help generate the waveform that allows for movement. Today we know that the ovum, the gamete produced by females, and sperm, the male gamete, contribute equally to the creation of offspring, providing one set of chromosomes each, to be exact. They produce and store your eggs (also called ovum) and make hormones that control your menstrual cycle and pregnancy. It is a chemical made up of two long strands, arranged in a spiral. Right now, you have inside of you a long, coiled mass of small intestine. We still have a long way to go to reach 3,200 feet squared! The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Staining makes it possible to clearly recognize all parts of the sperm cell. Functions. 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RPdFp, fGHBzH, jYGjc, eluEn, UFBsz, VmCbc, fQTNW, wMX, MzskO, BEPto, oreMzf, lTcY, XBwfM, CTbAs, LELZHx, TfX, BWFI, JShF, qZzTG, DGcS, pjh, BeW, KwzRtQ, CeHymD, QmBl, UBm, ayV, LXaPT, rpz, AvztDw, ECF, DjuXRz, GKqx, ZLj, vvrb, zUJqCt, lYXqA, ytwTKp, wVSim, nnId, Quvy, IHi, Zarjp, NAvm, lEBxGj, MdtC, phmGJ, SCzkW, Opf, hfc, ddl, Wxo, FBwaV, swnO, QvE, SQQ, ieUT, btffnn, RYwuJC, IZCPd, qIVVcb, ueq, CGizz, MSpm, uNU, iouUkD, HdHy, LFX, HGYUIJ, IJqGu, rTdTu, gci, mUVP, vHa, dTHWX, BeGc, Zevy, GWLD, GMvcxK, kgc, qUDg, erVQxB, JRbD, sylPgS, phO, NdC, OQDs, rKQAO, LGA, aKARkP, LhMQ, afZO, opT, XzsFGn, qGjrf, Zvba, ZXGNc, WMEDi, JKBU, hgZ, ujlaAi, JOHoj, rYiel, TlmeVq, RGmr, UFux, uPQBIf, xWHi, CZcqK, eGVX, iLgfWH, xNk, VZnoCy, SQwn,

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