This would prove to be a costly loss for Hemu. [61] Muslim astronomers preferred Greek astronomy because they considered it to be better supported by theoretical explanations and therefore it could be developed as an exact science; however, the influence of Indian astronomy survives especially in the compilation of astronomical tables. In Islam, the Kaaba is believed to be a sacred site built by prophets Abraham and Ishmael, and that its use as the qibla was ordained by Allah in several verses of the Quran revealed to Muhammad in the second Hijri year. Pour clbrer cette reconqute dix-neuf sicles aprs la prise de la ville par Titus, ds que les premiers parachutistes israliens atteignent le mur le 7 juin 1967, le grand rabbin de Tsahal Shlomo Goren sonne le shofar (il sera plus tard grand rabbin d'Isral). WebLe tableau ci-dessous reprsente la liste des plus grandes mosques du monde.Un mausole n'est pas une mosque, elle est mme par dfinition anti-islamique car elles s'apparentent a du shirk. Islamic tradition says that these verses were revealed during a prayer congregation; Muhammad and his followers immediately changed their direction from Jerusalem to Mecca in the middle of the prayer ritual. Today its ruins lie 15 kilometres (9.3mi) east of Antalya. Huda is an educator, school administrator, and author who has more than two decades of experience researching and writing about Islam online. Christians and Druze became a genetic isolate in the predominantly Islamic world.[110]. q Prires dans le souterrain du mur (2013). It is an assortment platter of foods with cheeses, meats, pickles, olives, and spreads. Le 25 juin 2017, le gouvernement d'Isral annonce le gel partiel de la mise en place du projet. [15] However, Given the Hemu's army and administrative base consisted of ethnic afghans loyal to 'Sur Dynasty', the feasibility of him retaining the royal status is questioned. [28] This function is derived from the cotangent rule which applies to any spherical triangle with angles [76] Arabization gained momentum with the increasing numbers of Muslim converts from Christianity;[72] the ascendancy of Arabic as the formal language of the state prompted the cultural and linguistic assimilation of Syrian converts. One example is the Elizabeth Tower in London (usually called "Big Ben", although strictly this name belongs only to the bell inside the tower). WebDelhi, officially the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi, is a city and a union territory of India containing New Delhi, the capital of India.Straddling the Yamuna river, primarily its western or right bank, Delhi shares borders with the state of Uttar Pradesh in the east and with the state of Haryana in the remaining directions. In the 2nd century BC the city became prosperous and started minting its own coins with the image of Artemis and her temple. Mosques are found all over the world and often reflect the local culture, heritage, and resources of its community. J.-C.. Flavius Josphe, tmoin de la chute de Jrusalem prise par Titus en 70, relate dans sa Guerre des Juifs, Livre VII, que seule subsiste la partie occidentale du mur: Quand l'arme n'eut plus rien tuer ni piller, faute d'objets o assouvir sa fureur car si elle avait eu de quoi l'exercer, elle ne se serait abstenue par modration d'aucune violence Titus Csar lui donna aussitt l'ordre de dtruire toute la ville et le Temple, en conservant cependant les tours les plus leves, celles de Phasal, d'Hippicos, de Mariamme, et aussi toute la partie du rempart qui entourait la ville du ct de l'ouest. The great circle is similarly used to find the shortest flight path connecting the two locationstherefore the qibla calculated using the great circle method is generally close to the direction of the locality to Mecca. Pompey created the province of Syria, which included modern-day Lebanon and Syria west of the Euphrates, framing the province as a regional social category with civic implications. [18] Arguments for the validity of jihat al-ka'bah include the wording of the Quran, which commands Muslims only to "turn [one's] face" toward the Great Mosque, and to avoid imposing requirements that would be impossible to fulfill if ayn al-ka'bah were to be obligatory in all places. . C'est le terme le plus utilis en franais vers la fin du XIXesicle[1]. Caravanserai (Persian: , romanized: krvnsary, is the Persian compound word variant combining krvn "caravan" with -sary "palace", "building with enclosed courts".Here "caravan" means a group of traders, pilgrims or other travellers, engaged in long-distance travel. Tous les juifs vont prier cet endroit o tait le parvis[39]. A unique and prominent feature for a Roman city was the long central water channel in the centre of the main street which contained a series of cascading pools and which would have been remarkable even today in a semi-arid area where summer temperatures reach over 30 degrees Celsius. J.-C., cite littralement le Mur occidental dans son exgse midrachique du Livre de l'Exode[13]. (dcembre 1930). Etiquette Tips for Visiting a Mosque as a Non-Muslim, Biography of the Prophet Muhammad's Later Life, The Imams of Mecca: Well-Educated, Mild-Mannered, and Very Busy, Arabic, which is the language of the Quran, features that nearly all mosques have in common, B.S., Child Development, Oregon State University. Structures that do not meet this criterion, are defined as towers. L [69] In the 14th century, Shams al-Din al-Khalili, an astronomer who served as a muwaqqit (timekeeper) in the Umayyad Mosque of Damascus, compiled a qibla table for 2,880 coordinates with longitude differences of up to 60 from Mecca, and with latitudes ranging from 10 to 50. Elle comprend des points d'eau. La Jewish Encyclopedia dcrit ainsi le mur vers 1906: Le fameux lieu des Lamentations (le Kotel Ma'arabi) est intressant tout point de vue. [37][38][b] As the sun reaches the zenith of the Kaaba, any vertical object on earth that receives sunlight cast a shadow that indicates the qibla (see picture). Located to the north west of the Atlas [10] The tower stands at 100 metres (330 feet) tall and was completed in 1908. [101] The people of Western Syria show close relation with the people of Northern Lebanon. Initially, the science was introduced through the works of Indian authors, but after the 9th century the works of Greek astronomers such as Ptolemy were translated into Arabic and became the main references in the field. For example, the qibla from Alaska obtained through spherical trigonometry is almost due north. Syriacs under Arab-Muslim domination", "Jews in Damascus Restore Synagogues as Syria Tries to Foster Secular Image", "IEEE RAS Distinguished Service Award - IEEE Robotics and Automation Society", "Bridge to success: six tips for Syrian entrepreneurs from Jusoor", " " " ", "Arabs, Arabias and Arabic before Late Antiquity", "Garshuni Manuscripts and Garshuni Notes in Syriac Manuscripts", "Syria. Although mosque designs vary, there are some features that nearly all mosques have in common. Hemu led his army himself into battle, atop an elephant named Hawai. [97] The J2 group accounted for 20.8% of Syrians; other Y-DNA haplogroups include the E1B1B 12.0%, I 5.0%, R1a 10.0% and R1b 15.0%. [114][115] The Druze are a mountainous people who reside in Jabal al-Druze who helped spark the Great Syrian Revolt. The Kaaba has an approximately rectangular ground plan with its four corners pointing close to the four cardinal directions. WebPerga or Perge (Hittite: Parha, Greek: Perge, Turkish: Perge) was originally an ancient Lycian city that later became a Greek city in Anatolia, once the capital of Pamphylia Secunda, now in Antalya Province on the southwestern Mediterranean coast of Turkey.. Today it is a large site of ancient ruins 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) east of Antalya.. A unique In such models, the qibla is defined as the direction of the great circle passing through the locality and the Kaaba. [25] Perge became renowned for the worship of Artemis, whose temple stood on a hill outside the town, and in whose honour annual festivals were celebrated. C'est aussi au nord du mur que s'amorce le tunnel du Mur occidental (dont la sortie est sur la via Dolorosa), accessible au public sur rendez-vous[7]. [17] Others argue that the ritual condition of facing the qibla is already fulfilled when the imaginary line to the Kaaba is within one's field of vision. L'esplanade ou la plaza situe actuellement devant le mur mesure cinquante-sept mtres de long (tout comme la partie linaire du mur accessible tous) et peut accueillir jusqu' soixante mille personnes. [90][98] The Syrians are closest to other Levantine populations: the Lebanese, the Palestinians and Jordanians;[99] this closeness can be explained with the common Canaanite ancestry and geographical unity which was broken only in the twentieth century with the advent of British and French mandates. The modern qibla for Cairo is 135, which was not known at the time. En revanche, il reste frquemment utilis dans les milieux chrtiens et en France[17]. What is generally accepted is that he was born in a Hindu family of limited means, and that he spent his childhood in the town of Rewari, in the Mewat region, south-west of Delhi. The surviving essential aspect varies between belief systems; it may be some partial element, or the entire soul or spirit of an individual, which After 25 BC, the Romans built the Via Sebaste linking Pisidian Antioch in Galatia with Perge. [77] Egyptian historian Al-Maqrizi (d.1442) recorded various qibla angles used in Cairo at the time: 90 (due east), 117 (winter sunrise, the "qibla of the sahaba"), 127 (calculated by astronomers, such as Ibn Yunus), 141 (Mosque of Ibn Tulun), 156 (the rising point of Suhayl/Canopus), 180 (due south, emulating the qibla of Muhammad in Medina), and 204 (the setting point of Canopus). Kabul (/ k b u l /, / k b l /; Pashto: Kbl, IPA: ; Dari: Kbol, IPA: ) is also spelled as Cabool, Cabol, Kabol, or Cabul.. Kabul was known by different names throughout history. In this assault the victors captured 400 elephants and slew 3,000 men of the Afghan army. This angle can be calculated as a mathematical function of the local latitude {\displaystyle B=\angle q=\angle NOQ} [44] However, the interchangeability between Assyrians and Syrians persisted during the Hellenistic period. J.-C. sur un site mgalithique[rf. Elle est entirement dalle et lgrement en pente en direction du mur de prire. St. Paul the Apostle and his, companion St. Barnabas, twice visited Perga as recorded in the biblical book, the Acts of the Apostles,[34] during their first missionary journey, where they "preached the word"[35] before heading for and sailing from Attalia (modern-day Antalya city), 15 kilometres (9.3mi) to the southwest, to Antioch. [33] In the first half of the 4th century, during the reign of Constantine the Great (324-337), Perga became an important centre of Christianity, which soon became the official religion of the Roman Empire. {\displaystyle O} [29] Hemu's head was sent to Kabul while his body was gibbeted on a gate in Delhi. Q [55][56] The Seleucids ruled the Syrians as a conquered nation; Syrians were not assimilated into Greek communities, and many local peasants were exploited financially as they had to pay rent for Greek landlords. Les Arabes sont surtout des commerants qui parcourent les routes de lempire byzantin. L'hbreu possde deux mots pour dire mur mais seul le mot Kotel dsigne le Mur occidental. As these structures fulfil the definition of a tower they can be considered to be clock towers. The Syrian variety of Levantine Arabic differs from Modern Standard Arabic. Another report, cited by al-Baladhuri and also by al-Tabari, says that Muhammad prayed towards Jerusalem while in Mecca. Islamic Clothing Definition: Abaya. After the Flavian Dynasty was founded by Emperor Vespasian, the city became a part of the Lycia et Pamphylia province. It was the birthplace of the Greek mathematician Apollonius of Perga, once of the most notable mathematicians of antiquity for his work on conic sections. La nouvelle ville qui porte le nom romain d'lia Capitolina est reconstruite sur le plan d'une colonie romaine[14]. "Mughal Painting Under Akbar: the Melbourne Hamza-nama and Akbar-nama paintings", "Places Of Interest / Hemu's Samadhi Sthal", The History and Culture of the Indian People, Faceted Application of Subject Terminology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemu&oldid=1126401161, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 9 December 2022, at 04:13. [5] Islamic religious scholars agree that facing the qibla is a necessary condition for the validity of salahthe Islamic ritual prayerin normal conditions;[8] exceptions include prayers during a state of fear or war, as well as non-obligatory prayers during travel. Le projet d'tablir un espace de prire mixte donne lieu une lutte pendant plusieurs dcennies des Juifs rforms et conservateurs avec la direction religieuse orthodoxe dIsral[53]. The great circle model is applied to calculate the qibla using spherical trigonometrya branch of geometry that deals with the mathematical relations between the sides and angles of triangles formed by three great circles of a sphere (as opposed to the conventional trigonometry which deals with those of a two-dimensional triangle). Most Syrian Christians adhere to the Byzantine Rite; the two largest are the Antiochian Orthodox Church and the Melkite Greek Catholic Church. J.-C. par Valerius Gratus, prfet de Jude, dmontre que la construction de ce mur a t entreprise plus de quinze ans aprs la mort d'Hrode en 4 av. and B = [i] The two opinions resulted in a period of debate about the correct qibla. They may be spread out with internal courtyards and offices, or they may consist of a simple room. WebAttitudes toward lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people and their experiences in the Muslim world have been influenced by its religious, legal, social, political, and cultural history. The community of Syrian Jews inside Syria once numbered 30,000 in 1947, but has only 200 today.[116]. When the old man refused, he was executed. Syriac-Arameans in the northeast of the country are mainly Surayt/Turoyo speakers but there are also some speakers of Sureth Aramaic, especially in the Khabour Valley. WebMombasa (/ m m b s / mom-BASS-; also US: /- b s /- BAH-s) is a coastal city in southeastern Kenya along the Indian Ocean.It was the first capital of the British East Africa, before Nairobi was elevated to capital city status.It now serves as the capital of Mombasa County.The town is known as "the white and blue city" in Kenya. [84] Among the mosques surveyed, the Great Mosque of Sousse was the only one with a significant difference, facing further south at 163. [16], As observed from Earth, the sun appears to "shift" between the Northern and Southern Tropics seasonally; additionally, it appears to move from east to west daily as a consequence of the earth's rotation. The most common technical definition used by Muslim astronomers for a location is the direction of the great circlein the Earth's spherepassing through the location and the Kaaba. sin Why and When Do Muslim Girls Wear the Hijab? Learn Religions. WebDame du Haut-Quartier croit prendre pour le Ciel place rserve. Olive oil, garlic, olives, spearmint, and sesame oil are some of the ingredients that are used in many traditional meals. [25] A minaret was subsequently constructed of the heads of the other dead. Ce jour particulier est celui du 9 Ab, jour de deuil du calendrier hbraque o ils ont le droit de venir se lamenter sur les ruines du Temple afin d'en commmorer la chute ou ses chutes successives (Tisha Beav)[38]. [33], Hemu's rise from his humble beginnings in Rewari to the assumption of the royal title of Raja Vikramaditya is considered a notable turning point in history. Ce terme de mur des Lamentations vaguement moqueur est tomb en disgrce dans les milieux juifs[16] ainsi que, pour d'autres raisons, dans les milieux arabes des annes 1920, lesquels le nomment alors El-Bourak, le nom de la monture de Mahomet lors de son voyage nocturne[16]. [14] When the previously victorious Mughal vanguard and left wing returned from their pursuit, they realised that the day was lost and dispersed without offering a fight. [5] Islamic etiquette (adab) calls for Muslims to turn the head of an animal when it is slaughtered, and the faces of the dead when they are buried, toward the qibla. Lors de la guerre des Six Jours, les Israliens prennent le contrle de toute la rive droite du Jourdain et donc de la vieille ville de Jrusalem avec le Mur occidental. , which is the direction of the great circle passing through both The southern nymphaeum faces the courtyard of Septimius Severus and is next to the propylon (monumental entrance) of the southern baths whose hydraulic system provided it with water. [78] This diversity also results in the non-uniform layout in Cairo's districts, because the streets are often oriented according to the varying orientation of the mosques. A clock tower historically fits this definition of a tower and therefore can be defined as any tower specifically built with one or more (often four) clock faces and that can be either freestanding or part of a church or municipal building such as a town hall. One of the most impressive monuments is the theatre which lies outside the walls near the stadium. The new ruler was however more interested in the pursuit of pleasure than affairs of the state. Selon piphane de Salamine (IVesicle), seuls les chrtiens de la Grande glise sont autoriss vivre et se rendre Jrusalem[36]. [2], The qibla status of the Kaaba (or the Sacred Mosque in which it is located) is based on the verses144, 149, and150 of the al-Baqarah chapter of the Quran, each of which contains a command to "turn your face toward the Sacred Mosque" (fawalli wajhaka shatr al-Masjid il-Haram). [3], Islam Shah, who liked to place Hindus in command alongside Afghan officers so that they could spy on each other, recognised Hemu's soldierly qualities and assigned him responsibilities equivalent to those of a high-ranking officer. [46] Plutarch described the indigenous people of this newly created Roman province as "Syrians",[47][bettersourceneeded] so did Strabo, who observed that Syrians resided west of the Euphrates in Roman Syria,[46] and he explicitly mentions that those Syrians are the Arameans, whom he calls Aramaei, indicating an extant ethnicity. Sunni Islam is the religion of 74% of Syrians. There are also roughly 500,000 Palestinians, who are mostly descendants of refugees from the 1948 Israeli-Arab War. "Definition of Mosque or Masjid in Islam." Other mosques go out of their way to ensure that all Muslims feel welcome. WebIsfahan (Persian: , romanized: Esfahn [esfhn] ()), from its ancient designation Aspadana and, later, Spahan in middle Persian, rendered in English as Ispahan, is a major city in the Greater Isfahan Region, Isfahan Province, Iran.It is located 439.78 kilometres (273.27 miles) south of Tehran and is the capital of Isfahan Province. The walls around the lower city were built in the period starting from 223 BC. Historians such as Satish Chandra do not believe that this implies that Hemu had declared himself to be an independent king. [33]. Ce mur est de nouveau entre nos mains. La pninsule dArabie est en partie dsertique. Often there is a board of directors or another group that supervises the activities and funds of the mosque. Sur cette version linguistique de Wikipdia, les liens interlangues sont placs en haut droite du titre de larticle. Pir Muammad treated his words as if he heard them not, and answered him with the tongue of the sword. In 46 AD, according to the Acts of the Apostles, St. Paul journeyed to Perga, from there continued on to Antiocheia in Pisidia, then returned to Perga where he preached the word of God (Acts 14:25). [93] A Levantine ancestral genetic component was identified; it is estimated that the Levantine, the Peninsular Arabian and East African ancestral components diverged 23,700-15,500 years ago, while the divergence between the Levantine and European components happened 15,900-9,100 years ago. Historical records also indicate the diversity of qiblas in other major cities, including Crdoba (113, 120, 135, 150, and 180 were recorded in the 12th century) and Samarkand (180, 225, 230, 240, and 270 were recorded in the 11th century). The adhan is called out from the mosque by the muezzin, who stands either in the mosque's minaret tower (if the mosque is large) or in a side door (if the mosque is small). Les Britanniques nomment une commission d'enqute qui conclut que le mur tait proprit des musulmans et administr par eux. [41], The Greek Notitiae episcopatuum mentions the city as metropolis of Pamphylia Secunda until the 13th century. [86] However, the qibla is often known traditionally simply as "the west", resulting in mosques built oriented due west or to the direction of sunsetwhich varies slightly throughout the year. La plus grande part de ses pratiquants habite les rgions de l'Ouest. [20] Excavations in the original settlement on the acropolis date it to the early Bronze Age, 4000-3000 BC.[21]. Le reste du mur est actuellement situ pour une partie dans le quartier arabe de la ville, utilis comme quatrime mur par les maisons attenantes, et pour l'autre enterr. Considr dans la tradition musulmane comme le lieu o Mahomet parque sa monture (arabe: al-iu l-Burq), il est intgr au VIIesicle aux murs d'enceinte de l'esplanade des Mosques lors de la construction du dme du Rocher puis de la mosque al-Aqsa[2]. , the latitude of the Kaaba [5] Today Muslims of all branches, including the Sunni and the Shia, all pray towards the Kaaba. [31] However, Hemu's wife did manage to escape. Perge was situated on the coastal plain between the Rivers Catarrhactes (Dden Nehri) and Cestrus (Aksu), about 11km from the mouth of the latter. Hemu was on the cusp of victory when he was wounded in the eye by a Mughal arrow and collapsed unconscious. Vespasian also granted the city the rank of neocorate which made which made the city in charge of the imperial cult. Swedish residents born either in Syria or Sweden to two Syrian-born parents. [43][c] It can result in a dramatic difference in some places; for example, in some parts of North America the flat map shows Mecca in the southeast while the great circle calculation shows it to the northeast. In 2017 a mosaic depicting the sacrifice of Iphigenia was discovered. [70], On the eve of the Rashidun Caliphate conquest of the Levant, 634 AD, Syria's population mainly spoke Aramaic as the Lingua franca,[71] while Greek was the language of administration. [37] This method of finding the qibla is called rasd al-qiblat ("observing the qibla"). [95] The council wrote that the qibla determination should be "based on what is possible" and recommended four options, saying that one should pray toward the first option if possible and, if not, fall back successively on the later ones:[23], In line with the fatwa council, other Muslim scholars argue for the importance of flexibility and adapting the qibla requirement to what an astronaut is capable of fulfilling. L'esplanade du Mur, avec gauche la section des hommes et droite, celle des femmes, la passerelle pour les touristes visitant les mosques et la mosque Al-Aqsa. [72] The qibla found using modern instruments might differ from the direction of mosques, because a mosque might be built before the advent of modern data, and orientation inaccuracies might have been introduced during the building process of modern mosques. He was easily able to capture the entire train of artillery. [14], After winning Agra, Hemu, who had set off in pursuit of the city's governor, reached Tughlaqabad, a village just outside Delhi where he ran into Tardi Beg Khan's forces. Some other buildings also have clock faces on their exterior but these structures serve other main functions. , are 7.801389S, 110.364444E, while the Kaaba's coordinates, sin Different opinions exist among Indonesian Islamic astronomers: Tono Saksono et al. C'est en suivant la route de la soie que l'islam a pntr en Chine au VII e sicle, avec des marchands en majorit persans. = [1], In Song dynasty China, an astronomical clock tower was designed by Su Song and erected at Kaifeng in 1088, featuring a liquid escapement mechanism. l'endroit prcis o il attacha le buraq, une petite mosque fut construite et nomme mosque du Buraq[29]. https://www.learnreligions.com/mosque-or-masjid-2004458 (accessed December 12, 2022). Lorigine juive de la sacralit du mont du Temple a pu tre nie par des musulmans palestiniens. Aujourd'hui, des juifs d'Isral et du monde entier aussi d'autres visiteurs non juifs viennent se recueillir devant ces vestiges et prier encore tous les jours de l'anne, quelquefois mme la nuit (Tikkun Khatzot) et souvent en trs grand nombre lors de certaines ftes juives[2]. Cela concorde avec les crits de l'historien romain Flavius Josphe selon lequel les travaux au mont du Temple faisaient partie de la ville romaine d'Aelia Capitolina et n'avaient t termins que sous le rgne du roi Agrippa II (appel galement roi Janna)[5],[6]. C'est le lieu de rassemblement des juifs de Jrusalem comme l'est le mont du Temple pour les musulmans ou le Saint-Spulcre pour les chrtiens[40]. Q Under the Romans from the 1st to the 3rd century AD the town became a magnificent city with many impressive buildings. O [34] Today spherical trigonometry also underlies nearly all applications or websites which calculate the qibla. Starting from the 2nd century BC onwards, ancient writers referred to the ruler of the Seleucid Empire as the King of Syria or King of the Syrians. [21] It was a desperately contested battle but the advantage tilted in favour of Hemu. [14] It was the capital of the Roman province of Pamphylia Secunda, now located in Antalya Province on the southwestern Mediterranean coast of Turkey. = Aprs la dfaite de la rvolte de Bar Kokhba (vers 135), Jrusalem est dtruite. Definition of Mosque or Masjid in Islam. Q [27][28][26] The account of Akbar's refusal to behead Hemu is probably a later invention of his courtiers. The clock tower of Philadelphia City Hall was part of the tallest building in the world from 1894,[11] when the tower was topped out and the building partially occupied,[12][13] until 1908. All this time Hemu had been holding 300 choice elephants and a force of select horsemen as a reserve in the centre. The combination of these two apparent motions means that every day the sun crosses the meridian once, usually not precisely overhead but to the north or to the south of the observer. Conservative and liberally minded people will live right next to each other. [4][5] Prior to these revelations, Muhammad and the Muslims in Medina had prayed towards Jerusalem as the qibla, the same direction as the prayer directionthe mizrahused by the Jews of Medina. Jusqu'au dbut du XXIesicle, les historiens pensaient que cette extension avait t ralise par Hrode Ier le Grand en vue d'agrandir ou de reconstruire le temple[2]. Les religieux contemporains considrent que non seulement le mur mais l'esplanade de prire devant lui est une synagogue et doit tre respecte comme telle[19]. Secondly, it would have been an ill-advised move as Hemu's military force was composed almost entirely of Afghans. sin Habash al-Hasib wrote an early example, using an orthographic projection. [104] Compared to the Lebanese, Bedouins and Palestinians, the Syrians have noticeably more Northern European component, estimated at 7%. [5], Islam Shah died on 30 October 1553[11] and was succeeded by his 12-year-old son, Firoz Khan, who was killed within three days of his accession by his uncle, Adil Shah Suri. . [48] The first formal design of a retroazimuthal projection in the Western literature is the Craig projection or the Mecca projection, created by the Scottish mathematician James Ireland Craig, who worked at the Survey Department of Egypt, in 1910. ", "11rs -- Origin and background country by language, age (1-year) and sex, 1990-2021", "The Caribbean History Archives: Syrian-Lebanese community", "Like India, Syria has a large diaspora (With stories on Syrian president's visit)", "Style, Ethnicity and the Archaeology of the Aramaeans: The Problem of Ethnic Markers in the Art of the Syro-Anatolian Region in the Iron Age", "19. The qibla is the direction of the Kaaba, a cube-like building at the centre of the Sacred Mosque (al-Masjid al-Haram) in Mecca, in the Hejaz region of Saudi Arabia. arctan [10] The mihrab became a part of the mosque during the Umayyad period and its form was standardised during the Abbasid period; before that, the qibla of a mosque was known from the orientation of one of its walls, called the qibla wall. Hemu asked Adil Shahwho had accompanied himto remain at Chunar and proceeded to chase Karrani all the way to Bengal. . Pir Muhammad offered to spare the life of Hemu's elderly father if he converted to Islam. Q [102], Mitochondrial DNA shows the Syrians to have affinity with Europe; main haplogroups are H and R.[103] Based on Mitochondrial DNA, the Syrians, Palestinian, Lebanese and Jordanians form a close cluster. [13] For example, from Medina, with a 338-kilometre (210mi) straight-line distance from the Kaaba, a one-degree deviation from the precise imaginary linean error hardly noticeable when setting one's prayer mat or assuming one's postureresults in a 5.9-kilometre (3.7mi) shift from the site of the Kaaba. The use of clock towers dates back to antiquity. Jordanian-Israeli General Armistice Agreement, 3 avril 1949, article VIII 2: en tout cas libre accs aux lieux saints et institutions culturelles, et usage du cimetire du Mont des Oliviers (. C [23][74], Because varying methods have been used to determine the qibla, mosques were built throughout history in different directions, including some that still stand today. WebToponymy and etymology. 21.422478 Quelle est l'origine du mur des Lamentations Jrusalem? [25] As the ellipsoid is a more accurate figure of the Earth than a perfect sphere, modern researchers have looked into using ellipsoidal models to calculate the qibla, replacing the great circle by the geodesics on an ellipsoid. Web2009 Swiss minaret referendum; Persecution of Muslims; Quran desecration; Stereotypes of Arabs and Muslims in the United States; Xinjiang internment camps; Status by country. Once revealed, she was sent to a woman's monastery where she was head of the convent. Paul and Barnabas came to Perge during their first missionary journey, but probably stayed there only a short time, and do not seem to have preached there;[36][37] it was there that John Mark left Paul to return to Jerusalem. Il est, selon la tradition juive, redcouvert aprs avoir t enseveli sous un monceau dordures, et un lieu de culte y est tabli ds le XIVesicle. WebIslam spread gradually in the Malay-Indonesia archipelago from the 12th century onwards, and especially during the 15th century as the Sultanate of Malacca dominated the region. Richard Price, Michael Gaddis, The Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, Volume 1 (University of Liverpool Press, 2005), G. Buyukyildirim (1994): Perge kenti tarihsel su yapilari (Historical water structures of the city of Perge), "Review: The Historical Geography of Western Anatolia in the Late Bronze Age: still an open question", "Tlos, Oinoanda and the Hittite Invasion of the Lukka lands. Other components of the castle clock included a main reservoir with a float, a float chamber and flow regulator, plate and valve trough, two pulleys, crescent disc displaying the zodiac, and two falcon automata dropping balls into vases. [5] The qibla is the preferred direction when making a supplication and is to be avoided when defecating, urinating, and spitting. [22] The river is assumed to be the classical Cestrus. Other than its role as qibla, it is also the holiest site for Muslims, also known as the House of God (Bait Allah) and where the tawaf (the circumambulation ritual) is performed during the Hajj and umrah pilgrimages. Huda. [26][27][28][29], Following the defeat of the Seleucids by the Romans in 188 BC, the wider area was gifted by the Romans to the Kingdom of Pergamon. Substituting the values into the formula obtains: [78] According to the doctrine of jihat al-ka'bah, the diverse directions of qiblas are still valid as long as they are still in the same broad direction. Cependant, ce lieu de deuil pourrait ne pas tre le mur mais le Mont des Oliviers qui surplombe de l'est le Mont du Temple, o la coutume le placerait[16]. At this point, any vertical object would cast a shadow oriented in the northsouth direction. On his return from Pisidia, Paul preached at Perge. Juifs au mur des Lamentations, entre 1898 et 1946. O [108] Apparently, the cultural influence of Arab expansion in the Eastern Mediterranean in the seventh century was more prominent than the genetic influx. Khaleel Muhammad of San Diego State University opined "God does not take a person to task for that which is beyond his/her ability to work with." [92] Syrians cluster closely with ancient Levantine populations of the Neolithic and Bronze Ages. [56] When Muhammad lived among the Muslims in Medina (which, like Mecca, is also in the Hejaz region), he prayed due south, according to the known direction of Mecca. The earliest clock tower was the Tower of the Winds in Athens which featured eight sundials and was created in the 1st century BC during the period of Roman Greece. Mais en 2011, des recherches archologiques par l'quipe de Ronny Reich remettent cette version en question. UNA BITCORA DE LATINOAMRICA EN SIRIA, LBANO, JORDANIA Y PALESTINA", "Flchtlinge aus Syrien: Die Tragdie des 21. [8] Many of these battles were against Afghans who had rebelled against Adil Shah. [15][16][17][18], The history of the city dates back to the Late Chalcolitic Era or Early Bronze Age. sin [31], This formula was derived by modern scholars, but equivalent methods have been known to Muslim astronomers since the 9th century (3rd century AH), developed by various scholars, including Habash al-Hasib (active in Damascus and Baghdad c.850), Al-Nayrizi (Baghdad, c.900),[32] Ibn Yunus (10th11th century),[33] Ibn al-Haytham (11th century),[33] and Al-Biruni (11th century). The Quran narrates the story of the "people of Lot" destroyed by the wrath of God because the men engaged in lustful carnal acts between themselves, but modern [14] The tower has four clock faces, two of which are 43m (141ft) in diameter, at about 400m (1,300ft) high.[15]. Le mur est dj un lieu de prire comme en tmoigne le voyageur Benjamin de Tudle au XIIesicle: l'oppos de cet endroit, l'occident est une muraille qui est un reste de celle du Temple et mme du Saint des Saints. Following his start as a seller of saltpetre, he is said to have been a trader or a weighman in the market. WebThe afterlife (also referred to as life after death) is a purported existence in which the essential part of an individual's identity or their stream of consciousness continues to live after the death of their physical body. {\displaystyle OQ} Arabization and Islamization of Syria began in the 7th century, and it took several centuries for Islam, the Arab identity, and language to spread;[72] the Arabs of the caliphate did not attempt to spread their language or religion in the early periods of the conquest, and formed an isolated aristocracy. "Mosque" is the English name for a place of Muslim worship, equivalent to a church, synagogue or temple in other faiths. En 637, aprs la conqute musulmane de Jrusalem, les Juifs (devenus dhimmis) reoivent nouveau l'autorisation de vivre et de pratiquer leur religion librement dans la ville (moyennant la djiza ). However, just as at Chibramau, Karrani gave him the slip again. WebFirefighters in Russia are battling a huge blaze at one of the largest shopping malls in the country.. The Arabs called the Greater Syria region al-Sham (Arabic: , romanized:Bild al-m, lit. which gives: N En dcembre 2021, le Premier ministre Naftali Bennett et le ministre des Affaires religieuses Matan Kahana dcident de geler les plans de mise en uvre de laccord de compromis du Mur occidental face l'opposition tenace du Likoud et des Hardim[65]. La taille et le poids des pierres varient, allant de deux tonnes plusieurs centaines comme celle que l'on peut voir dans la partie souterraine, qui est un monolithe de quatorze mtres de long pesant cinq cent soixante-dix tonnes, insr dans la section basse du mur[7]. {\displaystyle \tan q={\frac {\sin \Delta L}{\sin \phi \cos \Delta L-\cos \phi \tan \phi _{Q}}}} tan Early Islamic astronomy was built on its Indian and Greek counterparts, especially the works of Ptolemy, and soon Muslim astronomers developed methods to calculate the approximate directions of the qibla, starting from the mid-9th century. In a congregational prayer, the imam stands in it or close to it, in front of the rest of the congregation. [75] Methods based on astronomy and mathematics were not always used,[76] and the same determination method could yield different qiblas due to differences in the accuracy of data and calculations. [107] Studying the genetic relation between Jews and Syrians showed that the two populations share close affinity. Bairam Khan asked the 13-year-old Akbar to behead Hemu. In 2003 archaeologists discovered well-preserved Greek mosaics showing Oceanus and Medusa. From a bronze tablet discovered in 1986 in Hattusas, a treaty between the Hittite Great King Tudhaliya IV and his vassal, the king of Tarhuntassa, defined the latter's western border at the city "Parha" and the "Kastaraya River". Many clock towers are freestanding structures but they can also adjoin or be located on top of another building. : HaKotel HaMa'aravi, familirement le Kotel) est une partie du mur de soutnement de l'esplanade du Temple de Jrusalem, situ dans le quartier juif de la vieille ville de Jrusalem. WebKurdish (Kurdish: Kurd or ) is a collection of related dialects spoken by the Kurds. [22] The great circle is the theoretical basis in most models that seek to mathematically determine the direction of the qibla from a locality. En 2000, lors de ngociations isralo-palestiniennes de Camp David, Arafat va jusqu' dire que le Temple ne se trouvait pas Jrusalem mais Naplouse! ( ), of the qibla with respect to the north, also called the inhiraf al-qibla. In locations between the two tropicslatitudes lower than 23.5 north or southat certain moments of the year (usually twice a year) the sun passes almost directly overhead. [73] The Arabs of the caliphate accommodated many new tribes in isolated areas to avoid conflict with the locals; caliph Uthman ordered his governor, Muawiyah I, to settle the new tribes away from the original population. The national and ethnic designation "Syrian" is one that has been reused, accepted and espoused by the Syrian people since the advent of the modern national identity, which emanated from Europe and began with the culmination of the Napoleonic Wars of the early 1800s. En effet, la dcouverte, au pied des fondations du mur, de pices de monnaie frappes en 17 ou 18 apr. Initially, this "qibla of the astronomers" was used alongside various traditionally determined qiblas, resulting in much diversity in medieval Muslim cities. [71], Accurate longitude values in the Islamic world were available only after the application of cartographic surveys in the 18th and 19th centuries. . {\displaystyle Q} The building has a roof height of 187.68m (615.7ft), and an antenna height of 237m (778ft). King, various medieval solutions for the determination of the qibla "bear witness to the development of mathematical methods from the 3rd/9th to the 8th/14th centuries and to the level of sophistication in trigonometry and computational techniques attained by these scholars". sin The tallest freestanding clock tower in the world is the Joseph Chamberlain Memorial Clock Tower (Old Joe) at the University of Birmingham in Birmingham, United Kingdom. [37] Many of the coins struck in the city portrayed both the goddess and her sanctuary.[45]. "Jrusalem: 36 promenades travers l'Histoire", ditions Marcus, 2011, traduit par Nessim Ouahba et Eyal Mron, franais, 4 mai 2011, 601 pages, Vues panoramiques par camras, films, et photographies en ligne, quartier juif de la vieille ville de Jrusalem, guerre des mots dans le conflit isralo-palestinien, Union mondiale pour le judasme progressiste, recherche sur Google Books de Jrusalem et "Mur occidental", recherche sur Google Books des livres publis avant 1870 mentionnant le mur des Lamentations. Beyond these basic features, mosques may be large or small, simple or elegant. Les battements du cur de chaque juif sont vous au Mur occidental. Aprs de multiples pripties parfois violentes (Haredim lanant des injures voire des chaises sur les femmes), en juillet 2016 les partisans de l'tablissement d'un espace de prire mixte en appellent une nouvelle fois la Cour suprme[55]. Some clock towers were previously built as Bell towers and then had clocks added to them. The one who performs ribat is called a murabit. Hemu's push was also bolstered by the timely arrival of fresh reinforcements from Alwar under the command of Haji Khan. (or Q Mais maintenant, vous tes l, et vous avez rendu la colline du Temple la nation juive. = Cette porte donne aussi accs au quartier maghrbin et l'ancien et nouveau florissant quartier juif de la vieille ville de Jrusalem. , is known, true north needs to be known to find the qibla in practice. ) This triggered a panic in his army which broke formation and fled. 7.801389 [37][41] This occurs twice a year, on 14 January 00:30 SAST (21:30 UTC the previous day) and 29 November 00:09 SAST (21:09 UTC the previous day). [8], Even Hemu's enemies were in grudging admiration of him. The spaceflight of a devout Muslim, Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor, to the International Space Station (ISS) in 2007 generated a discussion with regard to the qibla direction from low Earth orbit, prompting the Islamic authority of his home country, Malaysia, to recommend determining the qibla "based on what is possible" for the astronaut. C Attached to the mosque was the minaret, which is a high, narrow tower with a balcony from which prayer was called. WebThe tallest freestanding clock tower in the world is the Joseph Chamberlain Memorial Clock Tower (Old Joe) at the University of Birmingham in Birmingham, United Kingdom. [46][45], The city was eventually supplied in the Roman era by 2 aqueducts. [73] Hotel rooms with Muslim guests may use a sticker showing the qibla on the ceiling or a drawer. In North America, for example, a single city may have a mosque that caters to African-American Muslims, another that hosts a large South Asian population -- or they may be divided by sect into predominantly Sunni or Shia mosques. La dernire modification de cette page a t faite le 26 novembre 2022 17:46. [23], The elephant carrying the wounded Hemu was captured and led to the Mughal camp. Cette muraille est constitue de quarante-cinq ranges de pierres de taille en pierre calcaire de Jrusalem, dites malakh ou malaki[8] (royal en hbreu et en arabe) rappelant le marbre, dont la catgorie est nomme grey gold (or gris). "Perga". A later aqueduct of 21km length used a greater flow from the Duden river near the Dudenbasi waterfall.[48]. Le 31 janvier 2016, le gouvernement d'Isral approuve l'tablissement de cet espace de prire mixte au sud du mur, l'endroit de l'arche de Robinson, en plus des deux sections rserves l'une aux hommes, l'autre aux femmes. Hemu gave chase again and fought Karrani at Chunar and was victorious once more. WebCaravanserai. sin C [9] The hadith (Muhammad's tradition) also prescribes that Muslims face the qibla when entering the ihram (sacred state for hajj), after the middle jamrah (stone-throwing ritual) during the pilgrimage. , and the longitude difference between the locality and the Kaaba [26][32], With the passing of Hemu, Adil Shah's fortunes also took a turn for the worse. Mosques are found all over the world and often reflect the local culture, heritage, and resources of its community. Hemu's most notable victory took place shortly thereafter against the Mughals at Tughlaqabad. According to the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat a structure is defined as a building if at least fifty percent of its height is made up of floor plates containing habitable floor area. 1922 / 1948. Retrieved from https://www.learnreligions.com/mosque-or-masjid-2004458. En dcembre 2016, un dbat la Knesset ne rsout toujours pas le problme[57] mais, le 11 janvier 2017, dans un arrt qualifi d'historique, la Cour suprme d'Isral donne au gouvernement un dlai de trente jours pour trouver un motif satisfaisant qui justifierait que les femmes ne puissent pas lire haute voix des parties de la Torah lors d'offices religieux devant le mur des Lamentations[58],[59]. [66][e] Another group of solutions uses trigonometric formulas, for example Al-Nayrizi's four-step application of Menelaus's theorem. Bti au Iersicle apr. Perge had at least 6 nymphaea, the most striking being the northern, or "Hadrian's", nymphaeum (about 122 AD) and the southern nymphaeum in the square of Septimius Severus (end 2nd to early 3rd c. AD). ) The word is a derivative of the Arabic root n-b-r ("to raise, elevate"); the Arabic plural is manbir (Arabic: ).. Function and form. [95][96], The paternal Y-DNA haplogroup J1, which reaches its highest frequencies in Yemen 72.6% and Qatar 58.3%, accounted for 33.6% of Syrians. In the late 9th and 10th centuries, Muslim astronomers developed methods to find the exact direction of the qibla which are equivalent to the modern formula. Regarding the urheimat of the Arab ethnos: the traditional theory, which dates to the 19th century and became dominant in the middle of the 20th century, holds that Arabs were a Semitic wave from the Arabian peninsula who infiltrated Syria. Such directions were used by some Muslims in the following centuries, side by side with other directions, even after Muslim astronomers used calculations to find more accurate directions to Mecca. There are many structures which may have clocks or clock faces attached to them and some structures have had clocks added to an existing structure. In Muslim countries this is often a paid position; in other places, it may rotate as an honorary volunteer position among the congregation. [65], Exact solutions, based on three-dimensional geometry and spherical trigonometry, began to appear in the mid-9th century. These methods yield specific directions in individual localities, often using the fixed setting and rising points of a specific star, the sunrise or sunset at the equinoxes, or at the summer or the winter solstices. Elles s'tendent Hbron o des Juifs sont massacrs. Mosques are also known as Islamic centers,Islamic community centers or Muslimcommunity centers. During Ramadan, Muslims spend a lot of time at themasjid, or mosque,for special prayers and community events. One of these was Taj Khan Karrani, a member of Islam Shah's court who, rather than serving Adil Shah, decided to flee with his followers from Gwalior towards the east. The statue, believed to have been made during the Roman Empire, will be on display at the Antalya Museum. Syrians are of diverse origins; the main influence came from ancient Semitic peoples of the Levant such as the Arameans, as well as populations from Mesopotamia and modern-day Arabia, with additional Greco-Roman influence. [26][32], The spoils from the battle at Panipat included 120 of Hemu's war elephants whose destructive rampages so impressed the Mughals that the animals soon became an integral part of their military strategies. In Muslim countries, the mosque may also hold educational classes, such as Quran lessons, or run charitable programs such as food donations for the poor. Arabic is the mother tongue of the majority of Syrians[111] as well as the official state language. A council of war was convened where it was decided that the Mughals would stand and fight Hemu, and plans were made accordingly. [94] The Levantine ancestral component is the most recurrent in Levantines (4268%); the Peninsular Arabian and East African ancestral components represent around 25% of Syrian genetic make-up. [70] Common methods used to estimate the longitude difference included comparing the local timing of a lunar eclipse versus the timing in Mecca, or measuring the distance of caravan routes;[68][34] the Central Asian scholar Al-Biruni made his estimate by averaging various approximate methods. [88][89], Places long settled by Muslim populations tend to have resolved the question of the direction of the qibla over time. tan The term "Syrians" is under debate whether it referred to Jews or to Arameans, as the Ptolemies referred to all peoples originating from Modern Syria and Palestine as Syrian. Due to his family's financial condition, Hemu at a young age started working as a tradesman, either as a green-grocer or selling saltpetre. WebLatest breaking news, including politics, crime and celebrity. It has a height of 210 metres (689 ft) and completed in 1993, it was designed by Michel Pinseau. When the last King of Pergamon died without heirs in 133 BC, he bequeathed his kingdom, including Perga, to the Roman Republic. [2] In England, a clock was put up in a clock tower, the medieval precursor to Big Ben, at Westminster, in 1288;[3][4] and in 1292 a clock was put up in Canterbury Cathedral. ) Q WebIslam's account of Jesus begins with a prologue narrated several times in the Quran which first describes the birth of his mother, Mary, and her service in the Jerusalem temple while under the care of the prophet Zechariah, who would become the father of Yahya (John the Baptist).The Quran's birth narrative of Jesus begins at Quran 19:1634 and Q3:4553. . [5][6] It was possible to re-program the length of day and night daily in order to account for the changing lengths of day and night throughout the year, and it also featured five robotic musicians who automatically play music when moved by levers operated by a hidden camshaft attached to a water wheel. The cultural and linguistic heritage of the Syrian people is a blend of both indigenous elements and the foreign cultures that have come to inhabit the region of Syria over the course of thousands of years. {\displaystyle \phi _{Q}} l'extrmit sud du Mur occidental, on distingue nettement le dpart de l'arche de Robinson (du nom de l'archologue l'ayant le premier tudie) qui supportait jadis les escaliers permettant de monter de la rue au mont du Temple[49]. WebAdhan (Arabic: [aan]; also variously transliterated as athan, adhane (in French), azan/azaan (in South Asia), adzan (in Southeast Asia), and ezan (in Turkish), among other languages) is the Islamic call to public prayer in a mosque recited by a muezzin at prescribed times of the day.. Adhan is recited very loudly from the mosque five times a [2] Few historical records remain detailing the history of the Kaaba before the rise of Islam, but in the generations prior to Muhammad, the Kaaba had been used as a shrine of the pre-Islamic Arabic religion. argues in 2018 that facing the qibla during prayers is more of a "spiritual prerequisite" than a precise physical one, and that an exact direction to the Kaaba itself from thousands of kilometres away requires an extreme precision impossible to achieve when building a mosque or when standing for prayers. The calculated qibla for the city of Yogyakarta is therefore 295, or 25 north of west. On l'appelle la porte de Misricorde. The south baths created in the 1st c. AD is one of the best preserved buildings and is noteworthy for its size and monumentality, and for the large collection of sculptures found there. It is mainly spoken in those parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey which comprise Kurdistan. Abu'l-Fazl praises his lofty spirit, courage, and enterprise, wishing that young Akbar or perhaps a wise member of his court had deigned to keep Hemu prisoner rather than executing him, in the hope that he could have been persuaded to join royal service where he would surely have distinguished himself. [29]. [44], In one instance, the Ptolemaic dynasty of the Hellenistic kingdom of Egypt applied the term "Syrian Village" as the name of a settlement in Fayoum. In 2018, the Syrian Arab Republic had an estimated population of 19.5 million, which includes, aside from the aforementioned majority, ethnic minorities such as Kurds, Turks, Armenians, Assyrians, and others. Aprs la guerre des Six Jours, le Ministre des Affaires religieuses commence une excavation rigoureuse sur toute la longueur du Mur occidental. In the Akbarnama, Abu'l-Fazl writes that after Hemu's victory at Tughlaqabad, "the ambition of sovereignty" was stirring within him. For example, all lines of longitude are great circles of the Earth, while the equator is the only line of latitude that is also a great circle (other lines of latitude are centered north or south of the centre of the Earth). Kabul (/ k b u l /, / k b l /; Pashto: Kbl, IPA: ; Dari: Kbol, IPA: ) is also spelled as Cabool, Cabol, Kabol, or Cabul.. Kabul was known by different names throughout history. There are some common-sense tips about how to behave if you are visiting a mosque for the first time. Some electronic versions use satellite coordinates to calculate and indicate the qibla automatically. Not all clocks on buildings therefore make the building into a clock tower. This was done in connivance with the Afghans to whom he had liberally distributed the spoils. Le mur (al-iu l-Burq) revt aussi une signification importante pour les musulmans car il sert de soutnement l'esplanade o sont construits le dme du Rocher et la mosque al-Aqsa, troisime lieu saint de l'islam[rf. [28], The first mathematical methods developed in the early 9th century were approximate solutions to the mathematical problem, usually using a flat map or two-dimensional geometry. [note 1][66] The Arabs mentioned in Syria by Greco-Roman writers were assimilated into the newly formed "GrecoAramaean culture" that dominated the region, and the texts they produced were written in Greek, Aramaic[69] and Old Arabic, the precursor of Classical Arabic, which was not a literary language; its speakers used Aramaic for writing purposes. La population d'Aelia Capitolina est dsormais essentiellement compose de vtrans de la Ve lgion Macedonia et de la Xe lgion romaine qui reconstruit son camp et forme aussi le cur de la population de la ville, mais aussi de Grecs et de Syriens en gnral[14]. form a triangle on the sphere of the earth. The NTT Docomo Yoyogi Building in Tokyo, with a clock added in 2002, has a roof height of 240m (790ft), and an antenna height of 272m (892ft). [91] As the Muslim community grew and the number of mosques increased, in 1978, an American Muslim scientist, S. Kamal Abdali, wrote a book arguing that the correct qibla from North America was north or northeast as calculated by the great circle method which identifies the shortest path to Mecca. As the Cestrus silted up over the late Roman era, Perga declined as a secular city. Le psalmiste place Jrusalem au sommet de toutes ses joies[18] et la conviction rabbinique reste que la prsence divine ne quitte jamais le Mur occidental[15],[13]. 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