88 27 In recent years, the concept of Epistemic Responsibility has arisen within ethical inquiry. 0000016871 00000 n Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies The epistemic conditions of moral responsibility specify an epistemic property (or set of properties) of the agent that the agent must possess in order to be morally responsible for an act, attitude, trait, or event. This is very difficult, individualistic and messy work. WeatherApp is an open source application developed using modern android development tools and has features such as viewing the current weather conditions and forecasting the next few days, has no location restrictions, and supports all regions of the world. 0000008198 00000 n Promoting Young People's Participation: Exploring Social Work's Contribution to the Literature. Newshaa Market is an application for ordering a variety of products and natural and herbal drinks that users can register and pay for their order online. Khooshe application is related to the sms system of Khooshe Ads Company, which is used to send bulk advertising text messages to the users of the system. (Schlenker Much inquiry has gone into the concept of humans as morally responsible agents, intent on charting the boundaries of praise-and-blameworthiness. Read full review, Check out the new look and enjoy easier access to your favorite features. The purpose of this article is to explore how the social work discipline could provide a complementary lens through which yoga therapy can be analyzed and evaluated by engaging in knowledge-creation practices and procedures that prioritize the "epistemic responsibility" described by philosopher Lorraine Code. Responsibility for Research and the standard of truth - "Having adequate knowledge of the world is not just a matter of survival but also one of obligation." Public Health Social Work as a Unifying Framework for Social Work's Grand Challenges. WebEnts in different cities or virtue virtue responsibility epistemology epistemic essay in to avoid drawing certain radical conclusions. Bastani is a game of guessing pictures and Iranian proverbs. In this innovative and eclectic study, Lorraine Code explores the possibilities inherent in this concept as a basis for understanding human attempts to know and understand the world and for discerning the nature of intellectual virtue. Alister MacIntyre examines this gap between the assumed universality of ethical principles applied in questions of justice and rationality commonly found in both philosophical and socio-political arenas. Religious and esoteric teachings as well as some mystic teachings are available which do provide guidance and training for those seeking greater awareness, but these approaches are slow and difficult. In Western cultures, the path to Epistemic Responsibility is more complex and less well delineated. 0000024546 00000 n The .gov means its official. 92 0 obj 3099067 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG 2022 Informa UK Limited, Registered in England & Wales No. In this light, the highest calling we can answer to is to embrace the work implied in Epistemic Responsibility as a means of personal, social and global sustainability and semantic hygiene. To appear in Experience et reflexivite`: perspectives au-dela de l'empirisme et de l'idealisme. In his discussion (chapter four) on culpable ignorance and epistemic responsibility, Medina supports Iris Young's social connection theory of political responsibility. <> 94 0 obj %%EOF 0000026010 00000 n This is an ontological claim about the nature of knowledge. Webof responsibility: I will call it epistemic responsibility. ' Breadcrumbs Section. It is epistemic responsibility in the blameworthiness and praiseworthiness senses that is the primary concern of this paper, though the duty sense of epistemic responsibility is explored in terms of its pertinence to epistemic virtue. What is epistemic responsibility? And what, if anything, is its relationship to justification and knowledge? 5; Nelkin & Rickless 2017a). 90 0 obj The open source application of Isfahan University locator has been developed for locating and getting acquainted with different locations of Isfahan University for the students of this university. This obligation to "know well" is what philosophers have termed "epistemic responsibility." 0000000015 00000 n <> Epistemic responsibility develops through the cultivation of some basic epistemic virtues, such as open-mindedness, epistemic humility, and diligence that help [1] According to Frederick F. Soc Work. /O 90 WebIn writing Epistemic Responsibility, the author was attempting to fill a gap he/she could neither name nor describe - a gap where evaluative and interpretive judgments could find These articles explore how our beliefs become reality, and what we can do about unhelpful beliefs. Soc Work. 156 - 173 2002, 3 MacIntyre, Alasdair, Whose Justice? <> 91 0 obj <>stream 19 Epistemological responsibility is a concept that focuses on epistemic agents and underlines that the epistemological tasks of experts and professionals -to Reviews aren't verified, but Google checks for and removes fake content when it's identified, Responsibility for Research and the standard of truth - "Having adequate knowledge of the world is not just a matter of survival but also one of obligation. What We Can and Cannot Know about Absolute Reality, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. In this chapter, author begin with a certain temerity on an autobiographical note, sketching some of the reasons that prompted him/her to write a book called Epistemic Responsibility in the 1980s, after completing a PhD with a dissertation titled 'Knowledge and Subjectivity'. Epistemic Responsibility is by nature idealistic, in holding that sensation, the empirical foundation of reality, is actually secondary to the existence of perception (and therefore assumes a pre-condition of a conscious perceiver-self). Existentialism has intuited this implication in its acknowledgement that we only become victims when we abdicate our power to choose inner orientations and external actions to others. Sign up to receive special offers, news and interesting tidbits for your mind! The subjective and inward nature of this work guarantees that it will never be mass marketed, and the accustomed distaste for cognitive and ethical dissonance will likely discourage all but the most committed individuals from pursuing a path of true Epistemic Responsibility. Much worthy work has been done in recognizing the here-to-fore unseen bias and ethnocentricities rife within all of the humanities, but there is still a vital issue I have not seen fully explicated as yet. 2000 Oct;45(5):403-12. doi: 10.1093/sw/45.5.403. This approach can be summed up by the following two questions: to what degree is a freely acting agent to be held morally responsible for the outcome of their choices? Epistemic responsibility is derived from the ethical nature of the Ego-Alter relations and is one of the axioms of dialogical epistemology of daily living. Correlating the appropriate intellectual character with epistemic responsibility has been described in the literature of epistemology as the consilience assumption: an individual's epistemic responsibility is defined by that individual's intellectual character. 13 On this view, epistemically responsible trust would be justified Bachelor's degree, Computer Software Engineering. 0000002644 00000 n Prominent approaches to epistemic democracy, epistocracy, epistemic 8600 Rockville Pike Recent Social Cognitive Psychology research has revealed much about how an individual's belief about themselves and the world completely conditions the experience of that individual. Accessibility If over 95% of all choices are colored by unconscious biases and motivations, gaining greater awareness and self-knowledge is the only way to be sure that efforts made to improve conditions for the self and others are truly effective, or are merely unconscious projections of our own fears, expectations, prejudices and desires. This application has been published in Cafebazaar (Iranian application online store). If we accept this claim made by current research in psychology, then it becomes incumbent upon us to also accept the responsibility to assess and re-evaluate our values, methods and beliefs when our outcomes do not meet our desired expectations. Epistemic responsibility, or the belief that responsibility may be applied to beliefs, has been challenged by several philosophers as of late. 96 0 obj Social Cognitive research has shown that when we believe the world to be a hostile place, we armor and defend ourselves, alert for the slightest threat. On the individual level, this recognition of lack of control can be devastating, as self-sabotage and self-imposed limitations are first seen and then acknowledged. ", Education Authority and the Epistemic Community. 0000046473 00000 n /Type/Page Sign up to receive special offers, news and interesting tidbits for your mind! More specifically, by seeking to strategically include often-subjugated types of knowledge and by focusing on redistributing epistemic power to agents that typically have been excluded from epistemic participation in contemporary yoga therapy research, the social work discipline, with its strong commitment to social justice, has the potential to contribute to filling an important gap in scientific literature. In other words, there must be pre-existing concepts and someone who is able to process and understand those concepts in order for knowledge to exist. /Properties<> /Size 115 Along with this capacity to evaluate comes the responsibility for the choice. 89 0 obj /Info 74 0 R 0000001308 00000 n Which Rationality? /CropBox[0 0 430.866 649.134] When we accept total Epistemic Responsibility for the quality of our own lives and experiences, everything in life becomes an opportunity to bring in more consciousness, so that unconscious choices are reduced. Epistemic responsibility Republicans have deployed website spoofing as a campaign strategy to win the upcoming elections. Epistemic Responsibility. First, what the conte Damnooshkade application is the most comprehensive database of herbal and natural teas that is designed offline. cultural appropriation; epistemic injustices; epistemic responsibility; social work research; yoga therapy research. 1 Echeverri, Santiago. /Font<> It is here that ethicists have toiled, seeking the means to determine the grounds for justification, praise and blame. This responsibility must be honored even when you do not wish to see it. WebAn epistemic community is a network of knowledge-based experts who help decision-makers to define the problems they face, identify various policy solutions and assess the policy outcomes. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. State University of New York Press, Nov 1, 2020 - Philosophy - 306 pages. We begin by presenting the relevance of the social work perspective in relation to the field of yoga therapy. The epistemological difficulty implied with this research is that other research in this same branch of psychology has shown some 95 - 98% of our choices are made unconsciously. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Click here to navigate to respective pages. Laborresearch. 0000001760 00000 n 235 Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Ouverture Philosophique, Paris 2010, 2 "Yet neither the assumed distinctness of moral and epistemic concerns, nor the congruence of moral knowledge across the diversity of moral situations and agents can persist uninterrogated, once the social-historical-cultural contingency-hence the artifactuality and contestability-of presumptions of human sameness is acknowledged." University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, Indiana 1988. We can understand the puzzle created by responsibility for belief as an inconsistent triad, three plausible but jointly incompatible claims: (1) We are responsible for our beliefs. 0000000870 00000 n 0000024325 00000 n endobj The Puzzle of Epistemic Responsibility. /L 168646 0000000966 00000 n Discussion of epistemic responsibility typically focuses on belief formation and actions leading to it. Similarly, accounts of collective epistemic responsibility have addressed the issue of collective belief formation and associated actions. By focusing on the idea that knowing is a creative process guided by imperatives of epistemic responsibility, Code provides a fresh perspective on the theory of knowledge. Click here to navigate to parent product. Much of the confusion found in the literature concerning moral responsibility and the free will problem can be traced Cederbaum JA, Ross AM, Ruth BJ, Keefe RH. This view implies that we each potentially have the capacity for total control over our subjective experience, if we would but learn how to successfully shift and manage our beliefs towards more beneficial beliefs. 0000016194 00000 n As both the bearers and medium of knowledge transmissions, humans also have the capacity to evaluate incoming information and to determine whether or not the criteria of knowledge has been met or not. Sometimes when we ask whether an agent's belief isjustified what we mean to ask is whether & Weigold, 1989, Snyder, 1979). Intellectual responsibility (also known as epistemic responsibility) is a philosophical concept related to that of epistemic justification. According to Frederick F. Schmitt, the conception of justified belief as epistemically responsible belief has been endorsed by a number of philosophers, We next offer a reserved critical analysis of the dominant technical knowledge base that currently informs yoga therapy practice. Would you like email updates of new search results? << An official website of the United States government. << IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering PAPER OPEN Soc Sci Med. This kind of inner work can be very unsettling, as our culture does not encourage nor equip us for facile introspection. endobj WebComment: This is a great paper on epistemic responsibility about belief. The definitive conceptual framework of an epistemic community is widely accepted as that of Peter M. Haas. If we are to take Epistemic Responsibility seriously, then we have committed ourselves to making our own unconscious material that drives our deepest motivations and desires increasingly conscious. If this research is a true reflection of how little conscious control we actually exercise over ourselves, a great deal is thrown into question. /MediaBox[0 0 430.866 649.134] endobj 2018 Dec;219:36-44. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.10.003. Digimind was a team in the field of designing and developing mobile applications, which consisted of several students from Isfahan University, and I worked in this team as an android programmer on a game called Bastani. ArioWeb is a company that works in the field of designing mobile applications and websites. Knowledge cannot exist without subjects who are the holders and choosers of knowledge, but these subjects are not "blank slates" who are written upon and programmed solely through external training and conditioning. Keywords: Finally, we mobilize the concept of cultural appropriation to illustrate how striving for epistemic responsibility provides an entry point for addressing the multilevel, complex social processes embedded in yoga therapy practice and research while aiming to capture the many voices-and hence the various truths-implicated in a democratic, reflexive, and inclusive research process. We are not taught any form of epistemic hygiene, which would give us the tools to irradicate beliefs and interpretations that hinder us, and to reinforce beliefs and interpretations that are beneficial to ourselves and others in a mutually sustainable way. The both also note the need for recognizing the limitations on our conceptions of truth, as well as the need for accepting responsibility for one's own subjectivity in relation to both our Truths and our means of assessing and, if necessary, changing our beliefs and worldviews to achieve a more beneficial and sustainable state of being. Epistemic responsibility imposes different duties on different people in different contexts. endobj Example Sentences Recent Examples An additional challenge includes the fear of lapsing into solipsism, in which one's own self is considered the source and sum of all reality. Another product of this company was an application related to the sms service system called Khooshe, which I was also responsible for designing and developing this application. We are taught that we can be victims of others and circumstances, but this deeper view implies that we are only truly victims when we refuse to take responsibility for the quality of our own reality projections. 0 0000008952 00000 n To truly assign responsibility for the consequences of a freely choosing agent's beliefs, worldviews and choices is therefore not only precarious, but also extremely complex and not the straightforward enterprise so often assumed by most epistimologists (as well as those who adhere to the teachings of the Law of Attraction). If we are to take Epistemic Responsibility seriously, we cannot place artificial limitations and bracket the application of this insight into isolated fields of enquiry. It may well be that we are completely responsible for the created of all of our personal experience, and all appearances of collectivity are merely projections of our own unconscious material. 88 0 obj /E 97559 (2) If one lacks control over something, one cannot be responsible for it. We can start with this intuitive thought: for an agent to bepraise-/blameworthy for an action, she must be aware of certainthings. This is the same thing that mystics, prophets, Gnostics and shamans have been admonishing humanity for eons. Careers. This recognition of lack of conscious control should alarm both rationalists and empiricists alike, as both modes of knowing are potentially undermined by established conceptual ruts in our cultures, tribal, familial and personal histories. /H [ 966 342 ] >> Like other dialogical axioms, it is relational. Individuals who lack expertise are often epistemically irresponsible when they reject or second guess the conclusions of those who have it. /ID[<509A8E04B2CD784339FFE8266A96D457>] PDF | The concept of epistemic responsibility of an industrial enterprise engineer is introduced. Having adequate knowledge of the world is not just a matter of survival but also one of obligation. PMC Epistemic responsibility must be a daily concern for all businesspeople, from the owner of the smallest shop to the CEO of the largest multinational WebDescription. << 0000001463 00000 n Epistemic Responsibility is my term for taking full responsibility for the consequences of ALL of your beliefs (both intended and It seems to me that we must broaden our vision to include all fields of human endeavor, because where are subjective and unconscious choices not to be found? By learning about and healing ourselves, we can learn about and heal the world. Webof, relating to, or based on epistemology : relating to the study of the nature, origin, and limits of human knowledge See the full definition Merriam-Webster Logo WebEvidentialism. government site. >> For many people, the adoption of an alien belief system is too much to ask, even if the contents of one's own belief system are unknown and unrecognized. Bastani is a game of guessing pictures and Iranian proverbs. During this time, I worked as a freelancer on projects to improve my android development skills. WebOn Derivative Moral Responsibility and the Epistemic Connection Required for Moral Responsibility William SIMKULET Abstract Derivative moral responsibility is not moral responsibility at all. 0000007599 00000 n 0000025881 00000 n /Rotate 0 This is why these types of questions are often left unasked by most ethicists and epistemologists - it is too complex, ephemeral and unique to be dissected, catalogued and mass marketed, the onus on the individual too great and burdensome to have wide appeal. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine endobj WebVirtue epistemology is a collection of recent approaches to epistemology that give epistemic or intellectual virtue concepts an important and fundamental role. 0000024807 00000 n /Resources 91 0 R of how to challenge patriarchal gender binaries still remains a basic problem not solved by radical pluralism or a re-definition of solidarity through networks. Many of these traditions require the acceptance of a new belief system, in favor of the individual's own supposedly dysfunctional belief system. This obligation to "know well" is what philosophers have We are not taught as children that our interpretation of an event can fix the path of our lives. <> While we cannot always be sure of our deepest motives and biases when making choices, we can choose to make an effort to be as aware as possible in our choice-making. WebThe chapter develops a taxonomy of views about the epistemic responsibilities of citizens in a democracy. Critical Thinking: The epistemic agent is to gather Hypatia No. endstream The Epistemic Conditions: The Topic. % An epistemically responsible agent desires to have true beliefs, and thus desires to have his beliefs produced by processes which lead to true beliefs; his actions are guided by these desires. 4 These questions are explored more fully by Mark Lyons, Steve Hetherington and Gloria Origgi. The concept of Epistemic Responsibility has broader implications than are generally acknowledged. We occupy a shared semantic reality, which we are constantly interpreting through our own lens of reality. The thought that we may be entirely responsible for everything in the world is too much for some people to contemplate, much less bear. WebEpistemic possibility. Social epistemology involves more than adding a concept, or another variation, to a conceptual orthodoxy. WebThe study of the nature and grounds of knowledge is called epistemology, and one who engages in such study is an epistemologist. He describes them as. In writing Epistemic Responsibility, the author was attempting to fill a gap he/she could neither name nor describe - a gap where evaluative and interpretive judgments could find no place, seemingly because they could not 'boil down' to simple true-or-false empirical propositional claims, nor did they admit of evaluation - say, of nuance or relevance. 0000001841 00000 n /Contents 112 0 R To refuse to acknowledge your power and response-ability to deal with situations in your life is the experiential equivalent of enslavement, as you will always be at the effect of others and circumstances and never at cause in your own life. The services of health care professionals are sometimes sought in pursuit of some relief from the existential investigation often precipitated by a recognition to some degree of Epistemic Responsibility, but these are often ineffectual, as the nature of the dilemma is conceptual, and disciplines which focus on the healing of physical and emotional dimensions do not ameliorate epistemological and ethical growing pains. Even if we fail miserably to live up to our own ethical and epistemological expectations, the alternative to making the effort is too horrible to seriously contemplate. endobj Evidentialism in epistemology is defined by the following thesis about epistemic justification: (EVI) Person S is justified in believing proposition p at time t if and only if Ss evidence for p at t supports believing p. 17 Vol.1 pgs. I have developed a lot of apps with Java and Kotlin. epistemically necessary if it is certain (or must be the case), given what we know. Most are out of the mainstream and unknown to many people who might benefit from them. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Epistemic Responsibility means acknowledging direct control and accountability for the quality of your personal, subjective experience of reality, as well as the impact your beliefs, desires and actions have upon others in ever increasing circles. Finally, we mobilize the concept of cultural appropriation to illustrate how striving for epistemic responsibility provides an entry point for addressing the WebThe Epistemic Condition for Moral Responsibility. We generally do not take the time to re-valuate our values, unless driven to by some life crisis. /T 166842 As Canadian Feminist philosopher Lorraine Code so cogently points out, the epistemic status of any ethical, social or even epistemic claim can only be as reliable as both the culture and social norms being employed and the individual rational agents employing them - which places a great deal of what we "normally" consider to be known to actually be resting on a deceptively firm foundation, epistemically. Epistemic Responsibility (as well as the Law of Attraction) implies that we have much more power and control to shape our own experiences than we are comfortable with owning. There has been a recent surge in interest in the epistemic, or knowledge, condition on responsibility (as opposed to the freedom or control condition that is at the center of the free will debate). 1. Epistemic Responsibility Taking Charge of Your Beliefs, Epistemology and SkepticismWhat We Can and Cannot Know about Absolute Reality. 2019 Jan 1;64(1):29-40. doi: 10.1093/sw/swy050. Epistemic Responsibility has been defined as, "usually related to the capacity to engage in adequate policies in the search of truth, the ability to give reasons, or the readiness to revise one's beliefs in the light of new evidence. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Being up to date in the field of android and software development technologies is my most important priority. Epistemic struggles: The role of advocacy in promoting epistemic justice and rights in mental health. 2"-t+V]_]m]Kw_P3w{iJF4". Lee E, Tsang AKT, Bogo M, Johnstone M, Herschman J, Ryan M. Soc Work. There is no Archimedes' Lever from which to gain an objective vantage point. rT@@P+(QB@U. Develops a new kind of epistemological position that highlights Others, perceiving us as ready to attack, respond with hostility, thus providing evidence that the world is a indeed hostile place from which we require protection. >> xref startxref The ubiquity of human subjectivity is acknowledged in the old phrase, "to err is human". It is suitable for teachings on epistemic responsibility and belief in an upper-level undergraduate course on epistemology. WebEpistemic Responsibility (as well as the Law of Attraction) implies that we have much more power and control to shape our own experiences than we are comfortable with Web1. Alice Briggs (who is the head of Texas for Texans) wants to understand whether it is ethical to deploy a counter program dabbed Gander Sauce to counter the Republicans program. /N 24 %PDF-1.3 93 0 obj Movotlin is an open source application that has been developed using modern android development tools and features such as viewing movies by different genres, the ability to create a wish list, the ability to search for movies by name and genre, view It has information such as year of production, director, writer, actors, etc. For me, the 7,000 pound elephant in the room is the question of subjectivity. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted While these are worthy endeavors, it appears to me that the larger context of Epistemic Responsibility can use some further exploration. Instead, deference is called for in the face of settled science. 2019 Jan 1;64(1):9-18. doi: 10.1093/sw/swy045. Epub 2018 Oct 10. WebSkepticism:The epistemic agent is to form no opinion on the matter; that is, the agent is to withhold judgment about the issue. 0000008386 00000 n >> As an android developer, I was responsible for designing and developing this application. 0000026497 00000 n FOIA Registered in England & Wales No. Bookshelf Before 113 0 obj and transmitted securely. Yet, it seems to me that this kind of work is vital if we are, as a species, to overcome the challenges that face us on every front - political, ecological, economical and personal. Finally, we mobilize the concept of cultural appropriation to illustrate how striving for epistemic responsibility provides an entry point for addressing the multilevel, <> iL@ $\h There are wide ranging implications for everything from spirituality to political theory and social justice, to religion, education, and the role of media in our culture, to name just a few. Having adequate knowledge of the world is not just a matter of survival but also one of obligation. I'm an android developer since 2014. In fact, the more that this implication of Epistemic Responsibility is ignored, the more profoundly the impact of unconscious choices is felt, even if it is not recognized as such. 0000001677 00000 n /Parent 71 0 R /Linearized 1.0 The difficulty in bringing matters of responsible epistemic conduct into the then-going (late 1980s) conceptual frame is thus consequent upon the conception of subjectivity that has silently sustained the 'instituted' Anglo-American epistemic imaginary. 95 0 obj Aftapars application allows parents to control and monitor their children's activities in cyberspace and protect them from the possible dangers of cyberspace, especially social networks. & Weigold, 1989, Snyder, 1979), Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. <> Everyone is swimming in this vast unconscious ocean, in which we are all impacted by the thoughts/beliefs/actions of everyone else. It elucidates how we can be held responsible for our doxastic attitudes even if we don't have voluntary control over them. Our beliefs become self-fulfilling prophecies. A lack of recognition and support for this kind of enquiry is common in the West. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal (Schlenker This analysis highlights the social parameters that may be rendered invisible or left aside when adopting a positivist epistemological lens and justifies how the conceptual apparatus of epistemic responsibility serves as a potential platform for rethinking social work's position and future contributions to the field of yoga therapy. These challenges mostly In Eastern cultures, there is greater understanding of the semantic nature of our world and the subjective nature of experienced reality, and therefore, a much greater degree of social support for those willing to undergo the rigors of such an inner epistemological journey. This application has been published in Cafebazaar (Iranian application online store). 114 0 obj 0000001287 00000 n endobj /XObject<> ] endobj Both Code and MacIntyre remark upon the tendency of each individual philosophical commentator or expositor to assume their own standards of "truth-fixing" are sufficient. One of the products of this company is the parental control application that was published under the name Aftapars. The site is secure. Yet, to ignore this issue is not to avoid being impacted by it. If there is no such thing as true objectivity of any demonstrable variety, then we have no alternative but subjectivity. Solipsism cannot be entirely ruled out, due to the subjective nature of perceived reality. Im skilled in Android SDK, Android Jetpack, Object-Oriented Design, Material Design, and Firebase. /Text On the philosophical level, this brings into question all methods of justification, and therefore, all ethical and epistemological standards are likewise compromised. And so is everyone else. Soc Work. 1. The Epistemic Conditions: The Topic The epistemic conditions of moral responsibility specify an epistemic property (or set of properties) of the agent that the agent must possess in order to be morally responsible for an act, attitude, trait, or event. Epistemic is understood loosely to mean cognitive or intellectual. 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