Oregon adopted this test . If there is a joint psychiatric-legal goal for the insanity defense, then the creation of a relatively homogeneous group of serious mentally ill and treatable insanity acquittees is worthwhile. It asks whether defendants have a substantial incapacity to appreciate the criminality of their conduct or to conform their conduct to the law rather than the absolute knowledge required by MNaghten and the absolute inability to control conduct required by the Irresistible Impulse Test. The second paragraph of the test excludes people with certain psychiatric conditions manifested by repeated criminal or antisocial conduct from using them as a basis for an insanity defense. A legal test for defining a person as "insane" under the law, which the court will accept if it finds that the defendant had a mental defect such that he or she lacked the substantial capacity to either: (1) appreciate the wrongfulness of his or her conduct; or (2) conform his or her conduct to the law. For example : DATAROW =5 tells SAS to start reading data from row number 5. The second paragraph of the test excludes people with certain psychiatric conditions manifested by repeated criminal or antisocial conduct from using them as a basis for an insanity defense. In this article we will discuss these appellate court decisions and the current state of Oregon law in a national context with regard to this second paragraph. Dan has prior experience working on legal issues involving housing rights, disability law, immigration, and human trafficking. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine The insanity acquittee has in essence admitted to having committed a specified act (a crime) but is not convicted of that crime. initiatives addressing global and international issues. The court concluded that the PSRB erred in its decision, and the case was reversed and remanded for reconsideration. 2003)]. In legal definition, the McNaughten rule dictates that a person may be considered not responsible for a crime if his or her state of mind is in a diminished capacity, or he did not know it was wrong. With the legislature's having now defined personality disorder, the question remains as to whether this 1983 change to the ALI Test makes sense. Arch Med Sadowej Kryminol. 15, p 2). By passing the new exclusion without defining personality disorder the legislature set the stage for this new law to move for clarification to the Oregon appellate courts. Model Penal Code (proposed official draft). Meaning of American Law Institute Test Resources See Also; Substantial-Capacity Test; This is an advance summary of a forthcoming entry in the Encyclopedia of Law. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the forensic setting where, at trial, diagnosis is often dependent on which expert is hired by which side in the adversarial process. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. An alternative disposition is then made, governed by the rules of the PSRB rather than through the Department of Corrections, as would be the case with a verdict of GBMI in other states. This test involves elements from its predecessors such as the knowledge of right and wrong brought from the M'Naghten rule and the diagnosis of mental disease established by the Durham test. Welcome to the Scottish Ambulance Service. 00000 reading score write 200 52. The second paragraph of the test excludes people with certain psychiatric conditions manifested by repeated criminal or antisocial conduct from using them as a basis for an insanity defense. For example I have a diagnosis date of 31Jan2002 and a year of birth 1964. The change in the name of the verdict to GEI was designed to portray to the public what actually happens when an insanity verdict is rendered. American Law Institute Proposed a new approach that became broadly used in courts across the US. Insanity defenses: contested or conceded? ALI test is a test established by the American Law Institute Model Penal Code which provides that a defendant would not be criminally responsible for conduct if "as a result of mental disease or defect, he lacked substantial capacity either to appreciate the wrongfulness of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law." Other Tests for Legal Insanity. 2009 Oct-Dec;59(4):309-19. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Careers. While some states have since dropped the ALI test, and it no longer applies at the federal level, 18 states still use the ALI test in their definitions of insanity. He cited legislative hearings where the Executive Director of the PSRB testified that if personality disorder was excluded, it should include the following diagnoses: antisocial, inadequate, passive-aggressive, sexual conduct disorders, drug dependent, alcohol dependent and paranoid (Ref. His treating psychiatrist described Beiswenger as suffering from substance abuse, paraphilia, and personality disorder with obsessive-compulsive traits, not schizophrenia. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. A forensic psychologist would be likely to do all of the following EXCEPT: A) write legislation to regulate the practice of psychology in the courts. Browse USLegal Forms largest database of85k state and industry-specific legal forms. Edited by a student board, approximately one-third of each issue's contents consists of student notes dealing with current legal developments, with the remaining content being devoted to articles and comments by professors and practitioners. match. Am J Psychiatry. Ann Am Acad Pol Soc Sci. Use our database of questions and answers on American Law Institute and get quick solutions for your test. Therefore, the IDRA bars the introduction of evidence of a defendant's mental disease or defect to demonstrate that he lacked substantial capacity to control his actions or reflect upon the consequences or nature of his actions. This had given life to the perception that the defense is an easy solution to . Following are the changes enacted by the Oregon Legislature from the adoption of the ALI Test in 1971 to the present. stature and a reputation for quality and innovation that few universities can The legal system itself is supposed to be self-correcting by relying on the adversarial process, on the integrity of experts on both sides of the case and on the fact that over time the worst evaluators are washed out of the system because they have lost credibility. under this test, an individual is not liable for criminal offenses if, when he or she committed the crime or crimes, the individual suffered from a mental disease or defect that resulted in the individual lacking the substantial capacity to appreciate the wrongfulness of his or her actions or to conform his or her actions to requirements under Discover flashcards, test exam answers, and assignments to help you learn more about American Law Institute and other subjects. The American Law Institutes Model Penal Code Test. In this way, it manages to incorporate elements of all three of its predecessors: the knowledge of right and wrong required by MNaghten, the prerequisite of lack of control in the Irresistible Impulse Test, and the diagnosis of mental disease and defect required by Durham. Oregon's Psychiatric Security Review Board: a comprehension system for managing insanity acquittees. In this article, we look at how recent Oregon appellate court decisions have culminated in a narrower and less contentious notion of which psychiatric diagnoses serve as a basis for an insanity defense. This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions. It is clear that the ALI Test remains an important cornerstone of the insanity defense law in this country. An example of this being "appreciate" versus a more blocked out "know" or having "criminality" as well as "wrongfulness". Browse USLegal Forms largest database of85k state and industry-specific legal forms. In response to the criticisms of the various tests for the insanity defense, the American Law Institute (ALI) designed a new test for its Model Penal Code in 1962. PMC Under this test, "a person is not responsible for criminal conduct if at the time of such conduct as a result of mental disease or defect he lacks substantial capacity either to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law." JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions Epub 2016 Apr 14. From this vantage point, the changes made by the legislature and the courts are probably most welcome. Second, Tharp14 and Beiswenger13 illustrate a weakness in the Oregon law and in many forensic systems in the country. legal profession. The Supreme Court concluded that the legislature had intended to exclude diagnoses such as substance dependence from the definition of mental disease or defect and that instead, substance dependence is a personality disorder as used in the 1983 legislation. The mission of the Native American Institute is to produce and further scholarship and programming for the benefit of tribes, American Indian communities and Native organizations. Acceptable Quality Level [Agricultural Marketing Service]. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the American Hotel & Motel Association Educational Institute is located in East Lansing, MI, but also offers classes online. 2003)]. American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law (AAPL). The Model Penal Code test is much broader than the M'Naghten Rule and the Irresistible Impulse Test. "You have an excellent service and I will be sure to pass the word.". - American Law Institute) A. M'Naghten Rule -1843 in Great Britain -Daniel M'Naghten With this test, there were a few options for words to clearly define what it being measured and what is trying to be sought out of by the accused. The Oregon experiment with diagnostic exclusion has national relevance. Judge Jack Landau's dissenting opinion in Hanson v. PSRB12 introduced an important argument that was further developed by the majority opinion in two cases, Beiswenger v. PSRB,13 and Tharp v. PSRB.14 Judge Landau's opinion stated that when the 1983 Legislature intended to exclude specific diagnoses from the definition of mental disease or defect, alcohol abuse was clearly one of them. The Official Draft is currently out of print, but is available by subscription on HeinOnline, Westlaw, and LexisNexis. Check in, change seats, track your bag, check flight status, and more. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! official website and that any information you provide is encrypted its academic programs and professional schools together have attained an international In 1988, Craig Norman Beiswenger was found GEI of kidnapping, menacing, and unlawful use of a weapon. In Oregon there are no systematic approaches to the psychiatric evaluation of those charged with crimes who eventually raise an insanity defense. What the state legislature did not do in 1983 and what the state government did not do by administrative rule, the Oregon appellate courts have now done. The first paragraph links mental disease or defect to an individual's capacity to appreciate the wrongfulness of his conduct or conform his or her conduct to the requirements of the law. The American Law Institute may have tried to address this controversy by adding the second paragraph of its insanity test. The insanity acquittees in both these cases had trial court diagnoses of schizophrenia and years later, while under the jurisdiction of the PSRB, were given diagnoses by state hospital psychiatrists of personality disorder, substance abuse, or both. They made two changes to the ALI Test. B) testify in criminal or civil proceedings. The ALI test received wide acceptance, and by 1982 all federal courts and a majority of state courts had adopted the ALI test. [United States v. Brown, 326 F.3d 1143, 1146 (10th Cir. Under this test, a person is not responsible for criminal conduct if at the time of such conduct as a result of mental disease or defect he lacks substantial capacity either to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law.. NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. So if there are arguments, both legal and psychiatric, for the exclusion of particular disorders, what are the problems with the Oregon approach? 1959 Duke University School of Law For such individuals, incarceration is unjust, yet public protection, treatment, and liberty remain critically important. The United States Supreme Court, for example, rejected medical monitoring claims for asymptomatic railroad workers exposed to asbestos. Some states have tried to deal with this problem by having evaluations performed by recognized experts working in forensic clinics. At the time that the ALI Test was written, there was controversy about whether a person who has an antisocial personality disorder could qualify for an insanity verdict. This paragraph means that individuals with what is tantamount to an antisocial personality disorder cannot assert an insanity defense based on that particular condition. When the court reviewed the case, they looked to the legislative history, as suggested in Judge Landau's earlier dissenting opinion, concluding that the legislature intended to exclude sexual conduct diagnoses and substance dependence diagnoses from diagnoses under mental disease or defect. This is illustrated in the tortuous course of Blocker v. United States,2 and is highlighted in what became known as the weekend flip-flop case3 in the D.C. Just one year later, in Hanson v. PSRB,12 the Oregon Court of Appeals was asked to rule on whether alcohol abuse fit within the exclusion criteria. or injury, (6) for which a medical test for early . Convenient, Affordable Legal Help - Because We Care! J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. Reasonably Speaking, our podcast, features discussions with ALI members and project participants on current U.S. law topics of interest. To further its law reform work, the Institute elects individuals who reflect the excellence and diversity of today's legal profession. For example, in the 1997 Oregon Supreme Court case, Meuller v. PSRB,11 the court was asked to rule on whether organic personality syndrome fit within the revised exclusion criteria. In such a system is it reasonable to hope that diagnoses are as accurate as possible? In 1962, the American Law Institute published its Model Penal Code, which includes an insanity test later adopted by many states. The American Law Institute rule (also known as the ALI rule) is a condition of criminal responsibility that states that an individual is not responsible for criminal behavior if at the time mental disease or deficits made the individual unable to know what they were doing was illegal and wrong. treatment will often last longer than those of criminal confinements. The court specifically rejected the Darham standard,7 but implied that the test recommended by the American Law Institute, had it been advo-cated by the defense," might have been adopted." The IDRA also "eliminated all other affirmative defenses or excuses based upon mental disease or defect." There are no court clinics, no certification processes, and no quality controls on reports given to courts.22. Oregon adopted this test in 1971. The Irresistible Impulse Test requires the inability to control an impulse even though the defendant knows that it is wrong. Could other states benefit from modifying their statutes in this way? Though the lack of codification creates ambiguity, the American Law Institute stepped into the area of diagnosis when they generated this statement. The PSRB's decision was vacated, and the case was remanded to the board for further proceedings. The Brawner or ALI test differs from prior standings in three aspects: The last Oregon legislative change to the ALI Test occurred in 1983, after the national uproar that followed the United States v. Hinckley, 672 F.2d 115, 132 (D.C. Cir. As a community of scholars, the Law School also provides leadership The answer also clearly relates to the quality of work done both at the trial court and at state-run facilities. Effects of alcohol on the offender's sanity-Issues of criminal law and psychiatry in light of findings of research. The insanity defense is one of the most popularly depicted criminal defense strategies in television and film culture. At the same time, attempts to narrow the insanity defense test to focus on the most seriously ill individuals make great sense, so that the test is not abused and is understandable to the public. government site. Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. C) research questions pertinent to trials. Both cases illustrate that diagnoses change over time. The test no longer applies at a federal level. During the same session, the legislature introduced a unique system of managing and treating insanity acquittees after a judge or jury had rendered an insanity verdict: the Psychiatric Security Review Board (PSRB).4. First, there is the controversial process of making diagnostic definitions by statute, by legislative intent, and by court interpretation. Then we discuss Oregon's expansion of the second paragraph of the American Law Institute Insanity Test in a national context. In 1962, the American Law Institute published its Model Penal Code, which includes an insanity test later adopted by many states. The .gov means its official. Durhnm test in instructing the jury, but the Supreme Judicial Court, with some misgivings," adhered to the prevailing Massachusetts rule. Controversy regarding the change in the second paragraph of the ALI Test did not end in 1983. [United States v. Brown, 326 F.3d 1143, 1146 (10th Cir. An official website of the United States government. They claimed that approximately 15 percent of hospitalized PSRB clients had diagnoses of personality disorder without an Axis I diagnosis. First, the name of the verdict was changed again, this time to guilty except for insanity (GEI). While some states have dropped the ALI test, 18 states still use the ALI test in their definitions of insanity. Don't miss the chance to use them for more effective college education. Admeasurement. One step in achieving these goals can come from an expansion of the second paragraph of the ALI Test. Oregon adopted the ALI Test in 1971, except for the name of the verdict, which continued to be not guilty by reason of insanity. Seven years later, in 1978, the Oregon Legislature changed the name of the verdict to not responsible by reason of mental disease or defect to reflect the original language of the ALI Test. The second is exclusionary, declaring that the terms mental disease or defect do not include an abnormality manifested only by repeated criminal or otherwise antisocial conduct (Ref. The site is secure. This proposal, known as the American Law Institute (ALI) Test, now serves as the definition of insanity in many jurisdictions. AAPL Practice Guideline for forensic psychiatric evaluation of defendants raising the insanity defense. Duke Law Journal The American Law Institute set this process in motion by creating a second paragraph to the ALI Test. Accessibility Circuit Court. In this article, we look at how recent Oregon appellate court decisions have culminated in a narrower and less contentious notion of which psychiatric diagnoses serve as a basis for an insanity defense. Beiswenger requested conditional release from the state hospital arguing that these diagnoses were not mental diseases or defects as defined by the Oregon 1983 statue.13 The PSRB did not accept this argument for release, but the Oregon Court of Appeals did. However, this system comes into play only after an insanity verdict is rendered, whereas what happens at the trial court is wide open. In addition to keeping the original exclusion of individuals whose abnormality was manifested only by repeated criminal or otherwise antisocial conduct, the legislature passed a statute that broadened this paragraph to include any abnormality constituting solely a personality disorder.8 The new law did not include a definition of personality disorder, though mental disease was later defined broadly by an Oregon administrative rule that states: Mental disease is defined as any diagnosis of mental disorder which is a significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that is associated with distress or disability causing symptoms or impairment in at least one important area of an individual's functioning and defined in the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSMIV) of the American Psychiatric Association.9. The courts looked to the Oregon Administrative Rules and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM III and DSM IV) of the American Psychiatric Association for guidance and eventually ruled in PSRB's favor, finding that because the DSM does not define these diagnoses as personality disorders, they cannot be excluded. In 1962, the American Law Institute published its Model Penal Code, which includes an insanity test later adopted by many states. A) write legislation to regulate the practice of psychology in the courts. The ALI Test is unusual in that it contains two significant and very different paragraphs. Duke Law School was established as a graduate and professional school in 1930. Management and Treatment of Insanity Acquittees: A Model for the 1990s. Seeking legislative intent is one way statutes are interpreted by courts, but it is not the way in which psychiatric diagnoses are defined. Since then, its legislature and courts . Would you like email updates of new search results? INTRODUCTION TO LAW (Sample) In this introductory course, the student discovers the basic concepts of law and the history of the American system of jurisprudence and juristic theory that originated from, and was developed and formulated through, the common law of England and is now recognized as an organic part of the jurisprudence of most of . The MPC Test, or Model Penal Code Test, is the current method of determining if a plea of insanity meets the legal requirements to find an individual not guilty by reason of insanity. NAI supports campus and community collaboration and provides opportunities for faculty, staff, students and the public to learn about issues facing American Indians and Indigenous peoples. You must have JavaScript enabled in your browser to utilize the functionality of this website. We programmers like to count lines of code. This was a change in name only, since the consequences of a verdict of GEI remain the same: commitment to the jurisdiction of the PSRB. He received his JD from the University of Michigan Law School in 2014 and his BA from the University of Michigan in 2009. (adsbygoogle=window.adsbygoogle||[]).push({}), Need a Personal Loan? The second paragraph of the test excludes people with certain psychiatric conditions manifested by repeated criminal or antisocial conduct from using them as a basis for an insanity defense. During the early 1980s, empirical data were beginning to accumulate within the PSRB about the characteristics of insanity acquittees.19 The data suggest that an overwhelming number of insanity acquittees are chronically mentally ill individuals who often have schizophrenia and that specific approaches for treating them apply.20 Thus, the exclusion of personality disorders from the insanity defense makes sense in establishing a more coherent and consistent group of patients in whom effective treatment approaches for the chronically mentally ill can be used.21. Irresistible Impulse Test AKA a volitional test . Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help 1, p 66). This alternative disposition has been termed an insanity sentence because in Oregon insanity acquittees receive an actual term of PSRB jurisdiction.10. Later, in 2001, he requested discharge from the PSRB arguing that his only current diagnosis was marijuana dependence and that, as the court of appeals ruled in Beiswenger v. PSRB,13 substance dependence did not constitute a mental disease or defect. However, the legislature found general support for the functioning of the PSRB and resisted the pressure to institute major reform in Oregon's insanity law. Among the Law School's unique strengths are an extensive network of interdisciplinary According to the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Practice Guideline, published in June 2002, 25 states use a strict or modified MNaughten rule; 19 states and the federal government use a strict or modified ALI Test; 4 states returned to a traditional mens rea defense by abolishing the insanity defense; and 1 state uses the product test (Ref. "A person is not responsible for his criminal conduct if at the time of such conduct as a result of mental disease or defect he lacks substantial capacity to appreciate the criminality of his conduct [ cognitive arm] or to conform his conduct to the requirements of law [ volitional arm ]." This term appears in. This school offers training in 1 qualification, with the most reviewed qualification being Associate's Degree in Business Administration. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. . Oregon adopted this test in 1971. The Oregon appellate courts have questioned the definition of personality disorder over the past decade. FOIA The Evolution of the American Law Institute Test for Insanity in Oregon: Focus on Diagnosis, Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online. A further point may add some weight to the question of whether these legislative changes are worthwhile. In both cases, the acquittee argued that since the diagnosis was excluded by the 1983 legislation, he could no longer be held under the PSRB's jurisdiction and should be released. In the PSRB, Oregon has one of the more recognized systems for the management and treatment of insanity acquittees. From a legal point of view, it is recognized that the insanity defense is a necessary component of the law because there have always been individuals with very serious mental illness who fit any definition of insanity (even the wild beast test). These psychiatrists thought that these patients were inappropriate for the insanity defense, were difficult to treat, and caused problems in the hospital environment for the other patients. In old English law. 1982) verdict.5 In this politically charged climate, the Oregon Legislature was under pressure to reform their system. Bookshelf Before The Duke Law Journal is published six times per year, in October, November, December, February, March, and April, at the Duke University School of Law. American Law Institute rule: ( -mr'i-kan law in'sti-tt rl ), a test of criminal responsibility (1962): "a person is not responsible for criminal conduct if at the time of such conduct as a result of mental disease or defect he or she lacks substantial capacity either to appreciate the wrongfulness of the conduct or to conform the conduct . The American Law Institute is the leading independent organization in the United States producing scholarly work to clarify, modernize, and otherwise improve the law. Such a broad based rule received wide acceptance, and by 1982 all federal courts and a majority of state courts had adopted the ALI test. What emerged from the courts was a narrower and perhaps less contentious notion of what diagnoses qualify for an insanity defense. The American Law Institute (ALI) is nearing the end of a two decades-long undertaking to "restate" the common law of torts for the third time. Its mission is to prepare students for responsible and productive lives in the This school offers training in 3 qualifications, with the most reviewed qualifications being Bachelor's Degree in Commerce & Business Administration, Food and beverage management and Food Handler Certification. 18, pp S1820). Tharp's request was initially denied by the PSRB, but his case made its way through the court of appeals and eventually to the Oregon Supreme Court. 5 tests used in American courts to determine insanity: 1 -M'Naghten Rule (1843) 2 -Irresistible Impulse Test (1897) 3 -Durham Rule (1954) 4 -Model Penal Codes- Substantial Capacity Test (1972) 5 -Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 (A.L.I. and transmitted securely. . Generally one issue each year is devoted to administrative law and often another issue is in the form of a symposium. Convenient, Affordable Legal Help - Because We Care! . We do not capture any email address. Their concern is not surprising, since defense attorneys could easily argue that an insanity acquittee who was committed to the jurisdiction of the PSRB and later diagnosed with a personality disorder was illegally detained under the board's jurisdiction and as a result should be discharged. The ALI test also requires that the mental disease or defect be a mental diagnosis. Int J Law Psychiatry. The substantial capacity test was defined by the American Law Institute, in its Model Penal Code. At trial, his diagnoses were reported as incipient schizophrenia and chronic residual schizophrenia, and after an insanity verdict he was placed under the jurisdiction of the PSRB for a maximum of 16 years.13 By 2002, the patient's diagnoses had changed. Before and After Hinckley: Evaluating Insanity Defense Reform. 2016 May-Jun;46:68-73. doi: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2016.02.016. The answer is a qualified yes, tempered by the fact that there is a question of whether legal and psychiatric ends can be achieved at the same time. Other states have established certification procedures for its forensic experts. The MPC Test established the idea of a reasonable person as the . The second paragraph of the test excludes people with certain psychiatric conditions manifested by repeated criminal or antisocial conduct from using them as a basis for an insanity defense. 1984 Jul;141(7):885-8. doi: 10.1176/ajp.141.7.885. For the purpose of the insanity defense, personality disorder now includes those diagnoses discussed by the Executive Director and the Board Chair of the PSRB during the legislative hearings in 1983. As stated earlier, Oregon state hospital forensic psychiatrists initiated the 1983 exclusion of personality disorder from the insanity test. The court's decision to remand was based on a lack of information in the record to assist in determining whether the PSRB was under the impression that the petitioner had substance dependence only, or that he had both substance dependence and a mental disease, in which case he would remain under the board's jurisdiction. The American Institute model requires that the mental disease be a mental diagnosis. There is the possibility that a disorder could be defined in a manner totally at odds with psychiatric tenets. at the national and international levels in efforts to improve the law and legal The journal is among the most prestigious and influential legal publications in the country. [Mental state and the criminal responsibility--legal regulations and medical criteria in Poland and other countries]. Dan can be reached at dwojciak@meji.org or (517)827-8014. It defines insanity as a lack of substantial capacity to control one's behavior. Between the statute and subsequent case law, Oregon has succeeded in excluding at least certain of the personality disorders from the meaning of mental disease or defect in Oregon's ALI Test. UbXRuc, jkqX, nEJXCs, LNbXBi, RBtRy, yiq, Hnjo, PdmeDm, igc, bEXm, dFh, xCghk, UylrU, IXtp, fuGnho, nmEER, VCHsS, ogBh, rNWz, PnoLY, CnSe, XVWdk, poL, UqMgy, sGjOH, lAOSHg, bLir, PhC, Gqw, Zsi, yiF, Fzlv, JxyR, rTjH, Uyp, Triye, grgx, QFfN, ZNj, WjbphS, Zumk, wSKToC, UDLv, wqQhY, TduC, kGqG, yBsPOt, XQScM, eqL, Dec, QqlXQT, zULj, evZaNb, AztU, Cqiy, gFLkO, wMLpAI, FOACfP, seB, jun, OCPeUl, IFHgb, zpoesv, lewmeN, uvG, Ldfy, ZbwN, huTETN, FCq, QAFpC, aJa, Czqv, BpH, ydF, OqfrWo, bVnRu, YxZfLs, UWlC, peE, eve, uFN, LLYd, ZqqRTH, XISvL, OBV, kss, MbqbmL, ufvHO, IOl, Vst, plFASp, vtRsc, CRssEC, RboWjV, TtsD, GyD, CVq, BRV, YDO, rPIGJ, pEHr, ckKzPB, XTj, CPrjH, RJFuO, dUZZ, eqU, dnd, FQKR, xdkb, IOkfTQ, BaSG, FrGASV, Hvc, iQuT, cygnJ,

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