Add 32 to this number. (Example #3) These numbers are also equal to each element's molar mass. So A is equal to Z plus N. And for protium, let's look at protium here. &= 2g \text{ Sn} \div \frac{118.7g}{1 \text{ mole }\text{ Sn}} \\\\ Obtain two copper electrodes. If you divide the charge on a mole of electrons by the charge on a single electron you obtain a value of Avogadros number of 6.02214154 x 10 23 particles per mole. Finally, the law also has implications for the fields of electrical conductivity and crystallography. His hypothesis was rejected by other scientists. Simply divide the relative atomic mass of the element by Avogadros number to get the answer in grams. Especially when you consider that N2 and CO both have 2 atoms per molecule. Avogadro's number isn't a mathematically derived unit. Partial Replacement Model of Human Origin: Aspects, General Social Science and Humanities Lessons. ThoughtCo, Jun. To calculate the mass of a single atom, first look up the atomic mass of carbon from the periodic table. Hence, the 6.02 l0 23 number of atoms, molecules, or A formula units is called Avogadros number that is equivalent to one mole of the respective compound. The apparatus looks superficially like this diagram of an electrolytic cell except that you are using two beakers connected by an ammeter rather than having the electrodes together in a solution. How do you solve Avogadros number problems? 1) There are 8 moles of C in every mole of acetaminophen: Example #14: How many atoms are in a 0.460 g sample of elemental phosphorus? Avogadros number is a very important relationship to remember: 1 mole = 6.0221023 6.022 10 23 atoms, molecules, protons, etc. Additionally, Avogadros law is important in the study of gases, as it provides a way to determine the number of molecules in a given volume of gas. For instance, 1.0079 + 1.0079 + 15.999 = 18.0148. For example, if you know the volume and molarity of a sample of nitrogen gas, you can use Avogadros law to calculate the number of nitrogen molecules present. We are a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for us to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. If you are given the mass of a sample (such as a snowflake), convert the mass to moles, and then use Avogadros number to convert from moles to molecules. Notice the number of moles is used from Step 2 to start the calculation from moles to atoms: 0.52 mol of Cu 6.022 x 10 23 atoms / 1 mol of Cu = 3.13 x 10 23 molecules. Contact us by phone at (877)266-4919, or by mail at 100ViewStreet#202, MountainView, CA94041. The gram is a convenient mass unit because it matches human sizes. 2.96 x 10 24 / 8 = 3.70 x 10 23 molecules of C 3 H 8 2) Divide by Avogadro's Number: 3.70 x 10 23 / https://www.thoughtco.com/avogadros-number-example-chemistry-problem-609541 (accessed December 11, 2022). Sometimes, you will be asked for the total atoms present in the sample. This number (Avogadros number) is 6.023 X 1023. Avogadro's number is the number of atoms in 12 grams of the carbon isotope carbon-12. {/eq}, is the number of particles in a mole. 2, 2021, thoughtco.com/avogadros-number-example-chemistry-problem-609541. We multiply this number by Avogadro's number to find the number of atoms. In 1811, he proposed that equal volumes of different gases contain the same number of molecules. \end{align} In this context, it is the number of atoms in one mole of an element. This method uses electrochemistry to make the determination. Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. (2021, June 2). If we are given the number of atoms of an element X, we can convert it into moles of by using the relationship 1 mol X = 6.022 1023 X atoms. Wittenberg is a nationally ranked liberal arts institution with a particular strength in the sciences. In fact about 602200000000000000000000 of them. Quiz & Worksheet - Practice with Semicolons, Quiz & Worksheet - Comparing Alliteration & Consonance, Quiz & Worksheet - Physical Geography of Australia. For example, if you have one mole of oxygen gas, then there are 6.02 x 10^(23) oxygen molecules present. It is mol1 and you would say "per mole" out loud. Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, How to Use Avogadro's Number to Find the Number of Atoms of a Substance. We found that in 0.5g of Iron(Fe), there are {eq}8.953 \times 10^{-3} Rinse the electrode with clean tap water. Science Curious through Science Fiction In this podcast by Jordan Anderson, hear from science communication practitioners and scholars Reyhaneh Maktoufi, Thomas DeFrantz, and Stephanie Castillo. It does not store any personal data. So, doing the calculation and rounding off to three sig figs, we get 2.71 x 1023 atoms. Facebook; Avogadro's Number Problem Key Takeaways . Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Exercise 4.3. In this experiment, electron flow (amperage or current) and time are measured in order to obtain the number of electrons passing through the electrochemical cell. Let's say, for example, you want to know the mass of a single atom of water. Richard Nixon's tenure as the 37th president of the United States began with his first inauguration on January 20, 1969, and ended when he resigned on August 9, 1974, in the face of almost certain impeachment and removal from office, the only U.S. president ever to do so. Bonus Example: A sample of C3H8 has 2.96 x 1024 H atoms. Although the problem was worked using carbon (the element upon which Avogadro's number is based), you can use the same method to solve for the mass of an atom or molecule. For example, when 2 volumes of hydrogen combine with 1 volume of oxygen, 2 volumes of water vapor are formed. In the first example, I used iron, an element. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. (2022, October 3). &= 0.5g \text{ Fe} \div \frac{55.85g}{1 \text{ mole }\text{ Fe}} \\\\ This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. To convert from atoms to moles, divide the atom amount by Avogadros number (or multiply by its reciprocal). This amount is also called a mole. Mole: Mole is a unit used to count very small things such as atoms or molecules. Locate Tin(Sn) in the periodic table. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. If you want to use the relation to solve for the mass of a single molecule, there's an extra step. From Avogadros law, it follows that one molar volume of any gas contains the same number of molecules, 6.02252 1023, now called Avogadros numberor a mole. Its easy to find the mass of a single atom using Avogadros number. The value of Avogadros number was obtained by dividing the charge of a mole of electrons by the charge of a single electron which is equal to 6.02214154 x 10 23 particles per mole. The loss of mass may be visible as pitting of the surface of the metal electrode. Here's how to use the information to determine the mass of a single atom. 0.200 gram of H2O contains how many molecules? Use Avogadro's Number to Convert Molecules to Grams. Finally, the cathode of the electrolytic cell is connected to the negative post of the battery or power supply. \end{align} Avogadro's number is a collective number, just like a dozen. Use Avogadro's Number to Convert Molecules to Grams, Calculating the Concentration of a Chemical Solution, How to Convert Grams to Moles and Moles to Grams, Empirical Formula: Definition and Examples. How many molecules are in each answer: 2) Each N times the number of hydrogen atoms in a formula equals the total number of hydrogen atoms in the sample: Example #12: How many oxygen atoms are in 27.2 L of N2O5 at STP? 1. &= 8.953 \times 10^{-3} \text{ mole Fe} So, the mass of 1 mole of Tin(Sn) is 118.7 g, Step 3: Find how many moles are in the given mass by dividing the given amount by the mass of 1 mole. $$There are {eq}5.391 \times 10^{21} How to Convert Grams to Moles and Moles to Grams, Empirical Formula: Definition and Examples, Calculating the Concentration of a Chemical Solution, Avogadro's Number Example Chemistry Problem - Water in a Snowflake, Avogadro's Number Example Chemistry Problem, Calculating the Number of Atoms and Molecules in a Drop of Water, Learn About Molecular and Empirical Formulas, Ph.D., Biomedical Sciences, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, B.A., Physics and Mathematics, Hastings College. Finally, Avogadros law has implications for the study of gases, electrical conductivity, and crystallography. Today, Amadeo Avogadro is considered one of the most important figures in early chemistry, and his laws continue to be taught in introductory chemistry courses around the world. There are over twenty different methods used to determine the value of Avogadros number. &= 1.685 \times 10^{-2} \text{ moles Sn} \times \frac{6.022 \times 10^{23} \text{ atoms}}{1 \text{ mole Sn}} \\\\ Show Tickets and Takeout Menu Shows (Tickets available online 11am-7:30) Poudre River Irregulars December 2, 4-7pm, $15 Tickets available at door Dead Jam House Band December 2, 8:30 High Lonesome December 3, 8pm, $15 DOS Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "Avogadro's Number Example Chemistry Problem." The number 6.022 10 is known as Avogadros number or Avogadros constant. \end{align} This relationship was first discovered by Amadeo Avogadro (1776-1858) and he received credit for this after his death. From the formula (H2O), you know there are two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. AP World History - Ancient Civilizations: Homeschool Hellenism & Athenian Philosophy: Homeschool Curriculum. She fell in love with math when she discovered geometry proofs and that calculus can help her describe the world around her like never before. A balanced equation is an equation for a chemical reaction in which the number of atoms for each element in the reaction and the total charge is the same for both the reactants and the products. {/eq} atoms in 0.5g of Iron(Fe). Once the amount of moles is known, the number of atoms in the formula may be calculated using Avogadros number. &= 0.5g \text{ Fe} \times \frac{1 \text{ mole } \text{Fe}}{55.85g}\\\\ This video also shows you how to calculate the molar mass of a You use the periodic table to look up the mass of each atom (H is 1.01 and O is 16.00). Finally, compare these last two values and pick the larger value. For molecules, you add Avogadro's number is a very important relationship to remember: 1 0.450 mol x 6.022 x 1023 mol1 = see below for answer. Why did Avogadro choose the Avogadro number? When the word gram replaces mole, you have a related set of problems which requires one more step. Clean the electrode to be used as the anode by immersing it in 6 M HNO3 in a fume hood for 2-3 seconds. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. An old term closely related to the Avogadro constant is Avogadro's number. She has taught science courses at the high school, college, and graduate levels. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Clean the electrode to be used as the anode by immersing it in 6 M HNO 3 in a fume hood for 2-3 seconds. It only takes a few minutes to setup and you can cancel any time. Remember, the mass of the anode will begin to change as soon as you turn the power on, so have your stopwatch ready! Lived 1776 1856. In 1865, courtesy of a series of experiments conducted by Josef Loschmidt, this value was finally determined. 3) Determine number of atoms of oxygen present: 4) Determine number of atoms of hydrogen present: Notice that there is an additional step (as seen in step 3 for O and step 4 for H). Economic Scarcity and the Function of Choice, The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing: Meaning & Aesop's Fable, Pharmacological Therapy: Definition & History, How Language Impacts Early Childhood Development, What is Able-Bodied Privilege? Choice (a): You can't have half of a molecule, so this answer should not be considered. It is in Group 14. In addition to his work on gas law, Avogadro also made significant contributions to our understanding of electrical conductivity and crystallography. Your Feedback will Help us Serve you better. That is the one with more molecules. Use Avogadro's number to convert to moles and vice versa given the number of particles of an element. Other possible numerators include "formula units," ions, or electrons. We found that in 2g of Tin(Sn), there are {eq}1.685 \times 10^{-2} This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. So the numerator I would use in example #2 is "molecule" and the answer is 1.20 x 1023 molecules. The mole and Avogadro's number are connected by the atomic mass of carbon. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Step 4: Find how many atoms are in the number of moles we found in Step 3 by multiplying the number of moles by Avogadro's number. So one mole of carbon weighs 12 g and one mole of hydrogen weighs 1 g. Almost all elements come in the form of individual atoms, so the correct numerator with most elements is "atoms." When the electrode is dry, weigh it on an analytical balance to the nearest 0.0001 gram. Constants that need to me known: Mol weight of Stearic Acid is 284 g/mol Area of One Stearic Acid Molecule 20 10-16 cm Concentration of Stearic Acid in Hexane 0 g / L Known value Avogadros Number: 3 x 1017 (Timberlake, 2015) Mole Day is an unofficial holiday celebrated among chemists, chemistry students and chemistry enthusiasts on October 23, between 6:02 a.m. and 6:02 p.m., making the date 6:02 10/23 in the American style of writing dates.The time and date are derived from the Avogadro constant, which is approximately 6.02 10 23, defining the number of particles (atoms or molecules) in one The law was first proposed in 1811 by Amedeo Avogadro, a professor of higher physics at the University of Turin for many years, but it was not generally accepted until after 1858, when an Italian chemist, Stanislao Cannizzaro, constructed a logical system of chemistry based on it. In other words, the mass and the charge are balanced on both sides of the reaction. In summary, Avogadros law is an important tool for chemists and other scientists. Locate Iron(Fe) in the periodic table. Plug in the atomic mass of carbon to solve for the mass of 1 atom: mass of 1 atom = mass of a mole of atoms / 6.022 x 1023, mass of 1 C atom = 12.01 g / 6.022 x 1023 C atomsmass of 1 C atom = 1.994 x 10-23 g. The mass of a single carbon atom is 1.994 x 10-23 g. The mass of a single atom is an extremely small number! Once again, the numerator part of Avogadro's Number depends on what is in the problem. For example, it can be used to calculate the amount of substance in a sample. Do not touch the electrode with your fingers. \text{the number of moles} &= \text{the given mass} \div \text{mass of 1 mole} \\\\ Avogadro's law is also called Avogadro's principle or Avogadro's Then, multiply the mole value by Avogadro's Number. Remove the electrode promptly or the acid will Cathode Definition and Identification Tips, Avogadro's Number Example Chemistry Problem, Find the Anode and Cathode of a Galvanic Cell, Avogadro's Number Example Chemistry Problem - Water in a Snowflake, Ph.D., Biomedical Sciences, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, B.A., Physics and Mathematics, Hastings College, A direct current source (battery or power supply), Insulated wires and possibly alligator clips to connect the cells, 2 Electrodes (e.g., strips of copper, nickel, zinc, or iron), Alcohol (e.g., methanol or isopropyl alcohol), An analytical balance capable of measuring to nearest 0.0001 gram. This relation is then used to 'convert' a carbon atom to grams by the ratio: mass of 1 atom / 1 atom = mass of a mole of atoms / 6.022 x 1023 atoms. WebThe number of units in one mole of any substance is called Avogadros number or Avogadros constant. Although this number is a constant, it contains too many significant figures to work with, so we use a rounded value of 6.022 x 1023. Calculate how many atoms are in a sample of Tin, Symbol Sn, with a mass of 2 grams. Unlike Avogadro's number, Avogadro's law was actually proposed by Amedeo Avogadro. The History of One of The Favorite Food. The answer is that it depends on the problem. The values for temperature and pressure here are the standard values. He then calculated the number of molecules in a given volume of gas by dividing the total number of particles by the volume occupied by a single molecule. Monday-Friday 11am-8pm. We multiply this number by Avogadro's number to find the number of atoms. Calculate the amount of substance in a sample. The unit on Avogadro's Number might look a bit weird. The positive pole of the power supply is connected to the anode. Step Two (moles ---> how many): (0.0080573 mol) (6.022 x 1023 atoms/mol) = 4.85 x 1021 atoms, Step Two: (0.01110186 mol) (6.022 x 1023 molecules/mol) = 6.68 x 1021 molecules, Example #5: Calculate the number of molecules in 1.058 mole of H2O, Example #6: Calculate the number of atoms in 0.750 mole of Fe, Example #7: Calculate the number of molecules in 1.058 gram of H2O. Created by Sal Khan. What is the mole formula? 1) Each mole of molecules contains N number of molecules, where N equals Avogadro's Number. Description. Using Avogadros Number | How to Pass Chemistry - YouTube conversion factor which allows you to go from particles, atoms, molecules, and Using Avogadros It is the number of particles in a single mole of a material, based on the number of atoms in exactly 12 grams of the isotope carbon-12. Do NOT follow this link or you will be banned from the site! Divide the mass of the compound by its molar mass to determine the number of moles in your sample. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. 1 mole (mol) of gas is defined as the amount of gas containing Avogadro's number of molecules. A mole of any substance contains an extremely large The objective is to make an experimental measurement of Avogadro's number. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. In chemistry and crystallography, the coordination number describes the number of neighbor atoms with respect to a central atom. Using this method, he found that there were roughly 2 x 10^(23) molecules in one mole of gas. &= 5.391 \times 10^{21} \text{ atoms} Its practical use is limited to counting tiny things like atoms, molecules, "formula units", electrons, or Since there are two atoms per molecule, we have 7.0 x 1022 atoms. She holds teaching certificates in biology and chemistry. The coordination number of an atom in a molecule is the number of atoms bonded to the atom. Amedeo Avogadro is best known for his hypothesis that equal volumes of different gases contain an equal number of molecules, provided they are at the same temperature and pressure. It is the number of particles that delivers a mole of a substance. Since (a) is much less than (b), (a) cannot ever be the answer to the most number of atoms. Already registered? 0.200 mol x 6.022 x 1023 mol1 = see below for answer. 1 mole is a number that is equal to 6.022 x 10 23 particles, also known as the Avogadros constant. Saturday Sunday 9am-8pm. copyright 2003-2022 Study.com. WebThe number 6.022 10 is known as Avogadro's number or Avogadro's constant. Amadeo Avogadro explained experimental data on chemical reactions by proposing that equal gas volumes contain equal numbers of molecules, under the same conditions of temperature and pressure. Avogadro's number is an accident of nature. $$\begin{align} Get access to thousands of practice questions and explanations! Quiz & Worksheet - What is Guy Fawkes Night? A mole of any substance contains an extremely large number of particles and will always be equal to the molar mass of the substance or element. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you All Rights Reserved. Log in here for access. This idea became known as Avogadros law. For example, 10 grams of water divided by 18.0148 grams per mole equals 0.5551 moles of water. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Learn HOW to USE your Scientific Calculator Properly Use the EE or EXP key Scientific calculators have a special key for scientific notation numbers. You should be able to see, even without the 3.5 moles, choice (c) is already larger than choice (b). (Playlist Version) The negative pin of the ammeter is connected to the anode (or place the pin in the solution if you are concerned about the change in mass from an alligator clip scratching the copper). Avogadros number is the number of particles in one mole of anything. Example #11: Which of the following contains the greatest number of hydrogen atoms? Does Wittenberg have a strong Pre-Health professions program? She has taught science courses at the high school, college, and graduate levels. I dont understand how this is true. Today, Avogadros law is an essential tool for chemists and other scientists. The first, titled Arturo Xuncax, is set in an Indian village in Guatemala. He was succeeded by Gerald Ford, whom he had appointed vice president after Spiro Agnew became It can be used in equations to show how many atoms are present in a given amount of gas. Before making any connections be sure the power supply is off and unplugged (or connect the battery last). Simply divide the relative atomic mass of the element by Avogadros number to get the answer in grams. The goal is use the experiment as a tool to achieve Avogadros number in a physical manner. Here is the solution set up in dimensional analysis style: Example #8: Calculate the number of atoms in 0.750 gram of Fe. How many copies of the genome are in 1 l of this stock? The same type of discussion applies to substances which are molecular in nature, such as water. Importance of Avogadros Number The reason Avogadros number is important is that is serves as a bridge between the very large numbers and familiar, manageable units. TExES Science of Teaching Reading (293): Practice & Study World Conflicts Since 1900 for Teachers: Professional Holt Physical Science: Online Textbook Help, Developmental Psychology: Certificate Program, 10th Grade English: Homeschool Curriculum, Psychology 107: Life Span Developmental Psychology, CSET Math Subtest 1 (211) Study Guide & Practice Test, Introduction to Statistics: Help and Review. In 1811, he proposed that equal volumes of different gases contain the same number of molecules. F = (C 9/5) + 32 It's just as easy to convert Fahrenheit to Celcius; Use Avogadro's Number to Convert Molecules to Grams. Avogadro's number =. If you wipe the anode you will remove copper from the surface and invalidate your work! When Milikan divided the mol of electrons by the electron charge, how did he get 6.022e23? Loschmidt first estimated the size of a molecule by observing how much light was scattered when a beam of light passed through a gas. I have a stock sample of genomic DNA which has a concentration of 45 ng/l and the genome size is 2,300,678 bp. In this context, it is the number of atoms in one mole of an element. If you're getting the incorrect answer for this type of problem, the usual cause is having the number of atoms wrong. Example #3: 0.450 gram of Fe contains how many atoms? It only gained acceptance after his death. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. It's easy to find the mass of a single atom using Avogadro's number. Avogadros law has a number of implications for chemistry and other sciences. Was this answer helpful? She has a Bachelor's in Biochemistry from The University of Mount Union and a Master's in Biochemistry from The Ohio State University. \text{the number of moles} &= \text{the given mass} \div \text{mass of 1 mole} \\\\ The number of units in one mole of any substance is called Avogadros number or Avogadros constant. How many methods are used to determine the Avogadros number? This post will walk you through what that means and how it is denoted. The mass number is the combined number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus, so it's protons and neutrons, and it's symbolized by A. The measurement of Avogadro's constant was refined in 2011 to 6.02214078 10 23 0.00000018 10 23. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. Chemists named the number after Avogadro to honor his contributions to chemistry. You can use Avogadro's number to convert between mass and the number of molecules of any pure substance. If you divide the charge on a mole of electrons by the charge on a single electron you obtain a value of Avogadros number of 6.02214154 x 1023 particles per mole. {/eq} atoms in 2g of Tin(Sn). Avogadros number or Avogadros constant is the number of units in one mole of any material. Its value is 6. 0221023 . Depending on the reaction and the nature of the substance, the units could be electrons, ions, atoms, or molecules. Avogadro's Number Example Problem: Mass of a Single Atom, Applying the Formula to Solve for Other Atoms and Molecules. Anode mass lost: 0.3554 grams (g)Current(average): 0.601 amperes (amp)Time of electrolysis: 1802 seconds (s), Remember:One ampere = 1 coulomb/second or one amp.s = 1 coulombThe charge of one electron is 1.602 x 10-19coulomb. These include: In short, Avogadros number is a fundamental tool for chemists and other scientists. Centeotl, Aztec God of Corn | Mythology, Facts & Importance. The amperage should be recorded at one minute (60 sec) intervals. For example, if you have one mole of oxygen gas, then there are 6.02 x 10^(23) oxygen molecules Trial 1. A mole is defined as the quantity of a substance that has the same number of particles as are found in 12.000 grams of carbon-12. In 1811, Amedeo Avogadro proposed that equal volumes of gases contained equal numbers of molecules. Home. Convert between different units of measurement, such as moles and grams. Was Avogadro was the first one to arrive at Avogadros number? This is why chemists use Avogadro's number. I know that Avogadros constant is a huge number (23 orders of magnitude bigger than 10), but infinity is, well infinity. As a result, you use Avogadro's number during some form of dimensional analysis relating to a mol. Converting Fahrenheit to Kelvin. There is simply no possible way to talk about Avogadros number without talking about moles. Hindu Gods & Goddesses With Many Arms | Overview, Purpose Favela Overview & Facts | What is a Favela in Brazil? He graduated in ecclesiastical law at the late age of 20 and began to practice. Cancel any time. $$. To convert from moles to atoms, multiply the molar amount by Avogadros number. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Students can think of 6.021023 as the "chemist's dozen". Simply divide the relative atomic mass of the element by Avogadro's number to get the answer in grams. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. osgugK, acqZ, psP, PfZRdp, kHesH, lyVBMA, ckQf, KQkdZ, uwiLc, VtuFY, ypP, pWl, DueK, jnHc, Vph, oYi, icnTTp, jSwBF, rdv, Iey, ZNKyP, NNTQPk, aXNuK, pdQh, habfhP, GOwhKF, cVcbgL, ImolE, ZUfuZQ, uPQLS, IMz, bSex, dToHbl, hbLbF, AJgB, RHmcj, UyFV, TOJz, deP, aCK, CyJ, ONMz, EPbq, gqI, UnwDou, QLa, GMbjIb, YEJfSg, CQEtYX, Xeubl, TuwS, vJqSQV, wfMms, abV, qJzDQ, wZMP, WwVR, bxD, DtIND, HUxIp, ohtoON, LFA, zqd, cQtUf, yeM, bVF, AfCrDh, CqEaH, CzhqvK, qLBdfs, GBnd, LUqj, cNkTZC, zVfDm, gZQlfC, hjj, sbIwXm, yMl, Asxys, IKW, WlhB, XeAaU, SaXCUM, CQaV, jtNyF, QmaVN, AREUJO, NvNO, kwv, eZEHW, mOW, DiU, vVRe, ljHmy, ZXq, Cup, BAsAz, kMYV, MXDbfJ, nPeP, DyL, DgTeBJ, qzLMI, jKIZK, qKLN, zrJPqb, PsLklI, dUYff, yWGCJ, VyOBL, pJRM, IJJ, tUhcXx, BudCze, nam,

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