Structurally speaking, the arches make possible the immense size of the structure. Nearby is the Theatre of Marcellus, begun by Julius Caesar and completed in 13 bce by Augustus, who named it for a nephew. The epidemic ceased, and the tomb-citadel became known as the Castel SantAngelo (Castle of the Holy Angel). Join your leader on an orientation walk around the city to see icons such as the Colosseum and Arch of Constantine, the Forum (centre of ancient Rome), the Victor Emmanuel Monument, the Pantheon, the Spanish Steps, Via Dei Condotti and Piazza Venezia. It stood 50 meters high, 190 meters long, and 156 meters wide. It is said that Severus Alexander (reigned 222235) permitted Christians to gather at this site under the leadership of the pope St. Calixtus I, and it is recorded that the pope St. Julius I either raised or rebuilt a church there in 341352. The approximately 160-foot (48-metre) facade has three superimposed series of 80 arches and an attic story. 15 Sept. 2013.The Roman Colosseum Crystalinks. The Roman Colosseum Crystalinks. Cross vaults provided more support because the thrusts went down on the supporting columns rather than the walls. It was built just after the invention of cement so concrete and stone mainly assembled it. The Arch of Constantine marks the celebration of an important military victory. 7Claridge, Toms, and Cubberley,Rome, 314. The public structures and monuments constructed by the Romans showcase their use of the arch, barrel vault, groin vault, and dome. 15 Sept. 2013.ALRI AncRomUnit7 Images. ALRI AncRomUnit7 Images. There are visible holes in the Colosseum today from where this occurred. Mr. Donns Social Studies, n.d. After the 3rd century renovations, another type of ribbing was installed as well. On the first floor, the arches are 4.20 by 7.05 meters (Figure 7) and on the other floors they are 6.45 meters high (Pepe). Under Domitian, another level of seating was made for slaves and women to enjoy the games. This is because the multiple arches all push against each. Gian Lorenzo Bernini was asked to add angels to the Ponte SantAngelo in the 17th century. Palace; Which adjective best describes the facial features of Roman Republican patrician . Transfer from Rome to the Rome Airports 2023. N.p., n.d. Yet the old buildings still standing today seem to have so much more detail and beauty. Gladiators who fought at the Colosseum trained at one of the four nearby schools. N.p., 2012. Why does the Colosseum have arches? Over 400 million years, approximately 400,000 humans and about A hundred thousand animals died within the walls. Their fights were called Munera (The Roman Gladiator). It is a computer technology that allows users to interact with the real world in a virtual setting. Tips for Visiting the Colosseum Opening Hours: The Colosseum is open daily at 9:00 am and closing time varies throughout the year (ranging from 4:30 pm- 7:15 pm). Read about the 40 best attractions and cities to stop in between Civitavecchia and Castellammare del Golfo, including places like Rome, Reawakened Ancient City: Archaeological Areas of Pompeii, and Museo Cappella Sansevero The external wall's third and fourth levels. This Classical manhole cover became the dreaded Bocca della Verit (Mouth of Truth), which allegedly would crunch down upon the hand of anyone telling a lie. 4. Although it is dedicated to the emperor whose name was given to . For the top pin, it is created because concrete is weak in tension and as gravity loads down on the arch, more tension will be created at the pin. We could see construction happening currently along the outer wall of the Colosseum that faced toward the Capital. The Colosseum, also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre, is an oval amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy. 15 Sept. 2013. See sky-high sand dunes, prehistoric inscriptions, naturally occurring arches such as Burdah Rock Bridge, and steep chasms such as Khazali Canyon. At the bottom of the bend is Tiber Island. The elliptical architecture of an amphitheatre is meant to facilitate visibility from every seat in the arena. There were trap doors in the wooden deck to lift the animals through. Moreover, the construction is surmounted by a windowed pilaster attic where in the time of Roman Empire stood impressive statues. Future Installments Things to do in Rome. The arches around the Colosseum appear to be rounded and three pinned. It was built just after the invention of cement so concrete and stone mainly assembled it. the colosseum What were arches used to build in Rome? Wikimedia Foundation, 15 Sept. 2013. In 135 ce the emperor Hadrian began his tomb; a towering cylinder about 65 feet (20 metres) high on a square base, it was in size and form a typical imperial mausoleum. There were also mock games to depict a historical triumph for the Romans. The nearby Arch of Constantine was erected hastily to celebrate Constantine Is victory over Maxentius in 312. There were 80 lifts to raise the animals in cages to the surface, where the animalscould enter the arena directly through trapdoors. Powered by WordPress. It is one of the most impressive and significant ancient structures on the planet. 70 and 72 under the emperor Vespasian. This arena is made up of four elements: terraces, an arena, and a facade that runs from one side to the other. Discover the history of the Colosseum in Rome, Italy, Learn about the effects of local underground construction on the Colosseum and the preservation efforts to save the monument, The Colosseum and the Arch of Constantine. The invention of concrete and vaulted arches made possible the construction of such a massive structure in a short period of time. They guessed the emperor sat closest to the Palatine hill, although this information has never been proven. Read about the 40 best attractions and cities to stop in between Fidenza and Padula, including places like Rome, Colosseum, and Trevi Fountain When Nero died shortly after, Vespasian took over as emperor and initialized plans for the Colosseum. Web. 48 Shadow Pokmon That Can Be Found In Colosseum. After the renovations, visitors will be able to see 25% more of the Colosseum than what was currently available. Phew. It s not hard to come to the conclusion that you re a hardcore Tennessee Volunteers fan. Wikimedia Foundation, 14 Sept. 2013. They utilize the same engineering technique as arches, dispersing weight toward the more stable walls. Today, we find entertainment in sports and movies, but back then people enjoyed watching others fight for their lives. In 2018, the Colosseum was the world's most visited tourist attraction, welcoming 7.4 million people. The arches were made from concrete and were the main supporting point of the stadium. In 72AD, Vespasian designed the Colosseum as a work of art. The elliptical architecture of an amphitheatre is meant to facilitate visibility from every seat in the arena.2, The exterior facade of the Colosseum consists of four levels, with the bottom three levels composed of 80 arches each. Thus, many buildings as the Colosseum, became disused. Bridges are the prime example, but they were also used in large structures, such as the Colosseum, but. 15 Sept. 2013. Voussoirs are the individual travertine stones that create the semi-circle of the arch. The attic story bore corbels supporting masts from which royal sailors manipulated awnings to protect the 50,000 seats from the sun during the gladiatorial contests, combats with wild animals, sham battles, and, when the arena was flooded, naval displays. Our tour guide explained they used sand as a quicker way to clean up after the fights because they could easily just sweep the bloody sand around for a new surface. It was initially to have their structures with individual pieces able to withstand greater loads. 36 trapdoors They also use a kind of platform, providing a thicker base. Built of concrete and stone, it is the largest amphitheatre in the world and could seat up to 50,000 spectators. The Colosseum, located in Rome, is one of the most well-known and iconic buildings in the world. When it was finished, it was the most complex man-made structure in the world. Currently, the stadium has some renovated seats as samples of what they looked like on the first level for tourists to see. Corinthian columns are the most decorative on the capitals, or tops of columns. The final ribbing built in the 3rd century was the beginning of lattice ribbing. Written by krist December 8, 2022 Leave a Comment. Between the original 1st century building and 3rd century construction, the Romans changed their philosophy on weight dispersion. Figure 3 depicts the various levels of the structure and its original name. It is elliptic in shape in order to hold more spectators. A few centuries after the first emperor Augustus changed the face of Rome forever, the decadent, egotistic emperor Nero built a gigantic villa for himself, called the Domus Aurea. The Colosseum serves as a reminder of the power and influence of the Roman Empire. How many arches does the Colosseum have? However, the uses changed over the years. After this we went to the various levels of the Colosseum, which included the second deck and then up to the third, which was special for our tour. Web. Mueller, Tom. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Vaults: While cross vaults were used on the third level of the Colosseum, the first and second tiers used barrel vaults (Pepe). Since the Colosseum was always going between times of abandonment and usage, there were many little remodels done. It is Romes most popular tourist attraction, bringing in almost six million visitors each year (Pepe). The stadium has two main arches across from each other. Stones were found 20 miles away in Tivoli and carried back by the slaves to the site. This can be seen from the tracks left in walls for guiding the cages (Colosseum). These are used on the second level through both the inner and outer corridors. There was also the massive earthquake, which caused severe destruction including the collapse of part of the exterior wall. 15 Sept. 2013.Mueller, Tom. 80 arches Web. It does not store any personal data. Arches were a common feature of Roman architecture, but they were not used in the Colosseum. It was renovated within the last decade to mock the original area, which was also wooden and full of sand (Figure 16). The Ponte Cestio, often rebuilt since the 1st century bce, leads from Tiber Island to Trastevere, on the west bank, while the Ponte Fabricio (62 bce), the oldest in Rome, links the island to the shore below the Capitoline, on the east bank. Gladiator fights have been recorded through the beginning of 5th century and animal killings until the 6th century in the Colosseum (Alchin). The palace was the Domus Aurea (which today is being excavated and can be visited). Also in the area, a crescent of buildings between the Piazza del Biscione and the Piazza dei Satiri takes its curved shape from having been built into and around Pompeys Theatre, the first stone theatre building in Rome. Your AAA membership is a membership for life. Structurally speaking, the arches make possible the immense size of the structure. Web. . It took nearly 50 years for all the repairs to be complete (Pepe). The Structure and History of the Colosseum. The Colosseum is elliptical in shape and is constructed of three tiers of arches that surround the central arena. Web. Pope Benedict XIV added crosses around the Colosseum and lived there for the later part of his life, protecting the materials and initializing a restoration. The reason for the different heights is because as arches heights increase, the amount of thrust decreases. Imagine it all white, completely covered in splendid travertine stone slabs. The arches were made from concrete and were the main supporting point of the stadium. The reason the whole structure did not collapse is because of the uneven soil left in the lakebed. However, there is one architectural element that was not used in its construction: the arch. The dome was used for gladiatorial combat and public events, as well as for public executions. During construction, arches are often supported by a wooden frame. We started by walking to the main area level, which was a wooden deck covered in sand. There were 36 trapdoors in the floor of the Colosseum. It was used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles such as mock sea battles, animal hunts, executions, re-enactments of famous battles, and dramas based on Classical mythology. Using digital tools, it was possible to create a 3D reconstruction of museum buildings from the archive, which was then transformed into Unity 3D. It owes its preservation to its conversion into a fortress for one of the quarrelsome clans of the Middle Ages. 2012. 1 Keith Hopkins and Mary Beard,The Colosseum(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005), 36-37. Excavations in the late nineteenth century discovered a network of tunnels and chambers beneath the Colosseum, preventing it from having a floor. This allowed for strong support without adding additional weight. The arches were made from concrete and were the main supporting point of the stadium. It helped to make the connection easier. This is larger than the Roman provinces of North Africa or the European provinces of Eastern Europe. Mary G. Harris Jones (1837 (baptized) - 30 November 1930), known as Mother Jones from 1897 onwards, was an Irish-born American schoolteacher and dressmaker who became a prominent union organizer, community organizer, and activist. In 271 it was incorporated into the Aurelian Wall and became a key fortress in the defense of Rome. Eventually, this ended and masonry walls were added so flooding was impossible (Mueller). The name "Colosseum," when introduced in medieval times, was not a reference to its size but to the Colosso di Nerone, a giant statue of Nero that stood nearby. Sailors worked the masts (The Colosseum). When thinking about Rome, the Colosseum is often the picture that most people get. The Colosseum is a must-see attraction in Rome. Visitors to the Colosseum must have tickets, but aRF-ter will transport you and your dog as well. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". for games between gladiators and animals. Their use of concrete resulted in startlingly innovative forms, ranging from baths to basilicas. 15 Sept. 2013.Architecture Character of Roman. ARCHDEEP. How many trap doors were in the Colosseum? Similar to stadiums today, all the levels, sections, rows and seats were labeled with numbers and even names on the bottom tiers (Colosseum). The engineers were sure to use the heavier cements for the foundations and the lighter cement for the arches that structured the Colosseums four levels. On the right (west) bank are the Palazzo di Giustizia (Palace of Justice; built 18891910), the Castel SantAngelo (Hadrians Tomb), the entrance to Vatican City, and the Trastevere district. For example, I have found very little information about the church still built under the Colosseum. Travel & Transportation Services. Situated between the Colosseum and the Palatine Hill, the arch spans the Via Triumphalis, the route taken by victorious . Venatores also trained in the same schools as gladiators for their hunting fights. Stairs separated the sections vertically (Pepe). The virtual 3D environment is created by using a variety of imaging techniques (helium-filled balloons, structure for motion, and 3D repository models). The Romans utilized several pulley tools for these features. This was used for preparing the animals before fights, which could then be lifted through trap doors. The travertine stones were found nearly 20 miles away in Tivoli and carried by the slave builders back to the site. Web. Travertine is a type of limestone that is easier to carve and shape into the desired shape. The Colosseum. Colosseum. Of these, 76 are numbered with Roman numerals, still visible above them in some places. N.p., n.d. 5 How many trap doors were in the Colosseum? Dating back to the first century, the Amphitheatrum Flavium is one of the oldest buildings still around. Located next to the Colosseum, this arch honors the Emperor Constantine for winning the battle of the Milvian Bridge. The Colosseum is a massive and architecturally complex structure. Barrel vaults were basically an extrusion of arches, that ran through the corridors (Figure 9). Some of the Forum Boarium columns can still be seen on the interior of the church, and one of its drain lids, fixed to the outer wall, was carved to represent a face with a gaping mouth. The games brought in an animal trading business to Rome. Since the Colosseum was made with unreinforced concrete, the arches were able to move so three pinned arches were necessary for creating stability (Thompson). On the bottom floor, 76 of them functioned as general entrances . Wikimedia Foundation, 08 July 2013. What type of arches does the Colosseum have? Nonetheless, the Colosseum is still an impressive engineering contribution to Rome. Web. It was used for the arches in doors and windows as well as for creating a stopping place while working with vaults. Roman concrete was the source for the foundation, covering the ground and providing chambers to build walls off of. The Romans also decorated the Colosseum with tiles and bricks (made similarly) for wall structures or fillings. Architecture Character of Roman. ARCHDEEP. They were laid in regular horizontal rows (Pepe). Some of the original tiling and stone was still there and many of the stones still stacked had been damaged. The Colosseum is situated just east of the Roman Forum. The Colosseum also had public executions during these times, including a mass execution of non-Christians (Pepe). Humans who fought were called Gladiators, coming from their weapon Gladius or sword (Figure 4). 15 Sept. 2013. It is the worlds largest amphitheater (Colosseum). On the left (east) bank are the Forum Boarium, Forum Holitorium, Circus Flaminius, and Campus Martius. But all remaining arches were used Continue Reading 2 2 Sponsored by Madzarato Trending Gadgets Repairs were done using only the original framework. . Web. Foundation: The Colosseum could seat between 50,000 and 80,000 spectators and was used for a variety of events, including gladiatorial contests, public executions, animal hunts, and re-enactments of famous battles. Converted into a palace for the Orsini family in the 16th century, it remains private property. Web. The Colosseum, located in Rome, is one of the most well-known and iconic buildings in the world. 15 Sept. 2013. Today the Colosseum is used as a major tourist attraction, attracting more visitors than anywhere else in Rome. Coming from the Pacific Northwest, which is relatively new, it is unusual to see something so old. Because of its robust concrete foundation, Romes Colosseum is still standing, making it one of the citys most recognizable and enduring monuments. At one time, there was even a church built under the Colosseum and although the original one was no longer there, a new one had taken its place. The Great Pyramid Of Giza: A Mystery Solved? The former, in terms of space planning decisions, was discovered to be more profitable than the latter. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". There were 80 arches on each of the first three stories, which were numbered as entrances. These tunnels also continued outside of the stadium to the training school of Ludus Magnus and for a special entrance for the emperor. Limestone is a class of limestone that derives its name from Tibur (modern-day Tivoli), where it was mined. There has been damage due to vibrations and pollution. This segregation was so complete that the corridor systems made it impossible for Senators and Equestrians to run into each other, and it was possible for plebs only to meet other plebs.13. The Outer Wall The Colosseum was originally 186 meters long, spanning 156 meters at the widest point of the oval. Aesthetically, the arches lighten the visual aspect of the bulk of the massive building. They create compressive stress on the inside bend of the arch, but relieve tension stress on the outside of the arch. Some authorities claim Santa Maria in Trastevere as the oldest church in Rome. 9 How many levels are there in the Colosseum? There were 80 arches on each of the first three stories, which were numbered as entrances. This type of concrete is still in use . 15 Sept. 2013. The island, 1,100 feet (335 metres) long and less than 330 feet (100 metres) wide at its widest, has been a place of healing since the Temple of Asclepius was erected after the plague of 291 bce; the largest building there is the Fatebenefratelli Hospital (also called the Hospital of San Giovanni di Dio). There were renovations by Titus son Domitian, who added the underground tunnels, known as the hypogeum, and extended the levels for more seating (Alchin). Structurally speaking, the arches make possible the immense size of the structure. 15 Sept. 2013. Aesthetically, the arches lighten the visual aspect of the bulk of the massive building. Masts: Along the top part, or cornice, of the Colosseum were wooden masts to hold a screening for protection from the hot sun, known as the velarium (Figure 11). Its faade is 49 meters tall, and divided into three floors where entrance arches located. Water Delivery Infrastructure in Ancient Rome, Mathematical Analysis of the Pantheon Columns: Vitruvius & Didyma Turkey Plans, Figure 1: The three ruling emperors of the Flavian Dynasty (ALRI), FIgure 3: The seating hierarchy of the arena (Pepe), Figure 4: Gladius, weaponry used by the gladiators (Gladius), Figure 7: Arches from the ground floor (Pepe), Figure 9: The various vaults used in the Colosseum (Architecture), Figure 10: The wooden deck layered in sand, overlooking the hypogeum (The Colosseum), FIgure 11: Showing how the velarium was once attached to the top of the Colosseum (Pepe). The southwest portion was less stable. Workers would turn capstens, which were large semi-circles that acted as elevators, lifting the cages. However, the uses changed over the years. These served as transitions between different heighted vaults or to support a landing. T H E R O M A N C O L O S S E U M. The-Colosseum.net. Thompson, Ashley. Web. Julius Caesar used it as a launching pad for his plans to conquer the world. Aesthetically, the arches lighten the visual aspect of the bulk of the massive building. T H E R O M A N C O L O S S E U M. The-Colosseum.net. Another type of ribbing used was the arch of radially laid Roman bricks, acting as the wedge shaped elements of the arch. There are still services there today for people. Web. Web. However, they usually happened for about ten days in a row, twice a year (Alchin). In time it became a papal castle, with richly furnished and frescoed rooms, loggias for the view, a siege store of 5,800 gallons (22,000 litres) of oil and 770,000 pounds (350,000 kg) of grain, a centrally heated bathroom, a prison that incarcerated the artist Benvenuto Cellini, among others, and a still-intact fortified passage from the Vatican to carry the pope to refuge there. Copyright 2022. Next came ionic columns, which are distinguished by the decorative spirals at the top. Travertine stones were a limestone sedimentary rock (Figure 6) and helped build the main walls and floors. The third level was called the maenianum secondum, which seated standard Roman citizens. After my long trip to Rome with several historical visits and tours, I have still found the Colosseum to be the most spectacular. There were also three different types of ribbing throughout the original Colosseum and another new kind introduced during the renovations of the 3rd century. She helped coordinate major strikes and co-founded the Industrial Workers of the World. Built of concrete and stone, it was the largest amphitheatre of the Roman Empire, and is considered one of the greatest works of Roman architecture and engineering. N.p., n.d. The water was supplied from the Aqua Claudia aqueduct (Colosseum). This is a very entertaining trivia question of the day and the correct solution is as follows: This makes sense, as it is an iconic image of the city, recognized throughout the world. Arches that are used in sequential rows or on top of one another, such as those used in the Colosseum, also have foundations. The Colosseum is the main symbol of Rome. Tribunes and Triumphs, 23 Apr. The 3D-modeling technology is combined with virtual reality, 3D interaction, and navigation to improve the user experience. It might come across as being too "busy" with three complete arches. Roman Empire & Colosseum. Roman Colosseum. Why does the Colosseum have arches? The Colosseum, largely built using arches, was designed by the Flavian emperors to convince the people that their emperor cared about them. After the Great Fire that ran through in 64 A.D., destroying all the buildings through the valley, Rome was left with nothing. Arches work by carrying the forces from the weight they support to the ground. Why does the Colosseum have arches? Modern Impact He also protected the Colosseum materials from being stolen (Pepe). N.p., n.d. Web. One such feature would be the vela (Latin for "sails"). 15 Sept. 2013.Italys Colosseum to Be Restored with Private Donation. BBC News. Around the start of the 19th century, people began to recognize the archaeological significance of the site and huge restorations were set in place. Wikimedia Foundation, 14 Sept. 2013. When an emperor had been victorious in war, he commissioned a triumphal arch that all of his troops would march under to officially declare their victory to the city. N.p., n.d. . That won t be an issue when you pick up this outstanding Arch and Logo 2.0 . 15 Sept. 2013. N.p., n.d. From there northward and inland as far as the Via Flaminia (the modern Corso), the river plain was a vast plantation of temples, baths, and sports grounds until the Middle Ages, when the remaining Romans took up residence there. The first three floors have Doric, Ionic, Corinthian style columns, respectively. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. 15 Sept. 2013.Greek Columns. Greek Columns Doric, Ionic, Corinthian. Colossus of Nero. Wikipedia. The cavea was made almost entirely of travertine otherwise. One of these, the modern Ponte Sublicio, is named for the wooden bridge defended on this part of the river by the legendary Roman hero Horatius and his comrades. The Arch of Constantine (Italian: Arco di Costantino) is a triumphal arch in Rome dedicated to the emperor Constantine the Great.The arch was commissioned by the Roman Senate to commemorate Constantine's victory over Maxentius at the Battle of Milvian Bridge in AD 312. It is an imposing construction that, with almost 2,000 years of history, will bring you back in time to discover the way of life in the Roman Empire. There were four levels of seating, which showed off the Roman social hierarchy (Figure 3). The Domus Aurea was filled in, leaving a clay settlement for the foundation and the Colossus Neronis was moved outside the Colosseum. An ancient Roman who viewed it for the first time would have experienced the same thing as someone who today stands on the steps of the Empire State Building. The Colosseum is oval shaped. Hypogeum: Under the arena, the hypogeum (Figure 10) was constructed under Domitian. Hotel pickup and drop-off are provided. Cement was formed with limestone, which was heated and chemically formed into a paste. Being able to understand the different materials weights and strengths allowed the Romans to be so successful in their projects. It is commonly known as the Flavian Amphitheatre, named after the dynasty of emperors that presided over its construction. Changes to the Colosseum were almost immediate. Structurally speaking, the arches make possible the immense size of the structure. This was when the Romans added a new type of ribbing for support, providing better dispersion of weight (Lancaster). N.p., n.d. The Santa Maria nova built a church inside the Colosseum and rented out little shops and stands to people. The Colosseums outer walls are covered in three levels of Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian columns, and each level has 80 arches. We love meeting interesting people and making new friends. Today, many believe that is how the Amphitheatrum Flavium got its nickname (Colosseum). Arches work by carrying the forces from the weight they support to the ground. The arches allow for a structural structure of enormous proportions. Several of the bridges along this part of the Tiber are of special interest. The Colosseum served as an entertainment piece of infrastructure for the Romans, as the home of fighting between people and animals. There was a perfect view of the Arc di Constantine and Roman Forum. Mussolini eventually uncovered this underground region. However, even after all the research, someone would have to see the Colosseum in person to appreciate the two thousand year old building and why it is one of the worlds most popular landmarks. Contemporary estimates claimed the Colosseum could seat up to 87,000 people,6 though modern, more conservative estimates put that number closer to 50,000 people.7 Spectators were seated based upon their social status, with the most elite viewers closest to the arena, and the lower class citizens higher up.8 The vaulting within the arena was crucial not only for the structural integrity of the building, but also to provide easy access and free circulation for spectators.9From the time when spectators entered the arena,10to the corridors they could take to their seats,11to the seats themselves,12spectators were filtered based on their social status. The third level cross vaults were remodeled in the 18th century, when people finally began to recognize the importance of the Colosseum. It was the center for fascist parades under Mussolini. Using VR technology, it is possible to better understand this significant yet stressful event for mothers. Web. 1. The oval stadium measures about one-third of a mile (one-half of a kilometre) around, with external dimensions of 620 by 513 feet (190 by 155 metres). Created by Steve Muench. Other renovations have been started from Rome being attacked. Todays church is largely 12th-century Romanesque, with a beguiling mosaic facade. The Romans had so much early success in engineering due majorly to their understanding and perfection of the arches. Slaves were in charge of maintaining the animals before their fights in the hypogeum (Alchin). Seeing this structure in person made me want to find even more information about its history, engineering and architectural ideas, and renovations. The stadium could hold 50,000 spectators of all social classes. Digital rendering from Rome Reborn, in which both the Colosseum and the Circus Maximus are visible. Web. Figure 13: The three different kinds of columns: Doric, Ionic, Corinthian (Architecture), Figure 14: From this angle, the collapse of the south wall is very apparent (The Roman Colosseum), Figure 15: The yellow, grey color to the stones caused from pollution (Colosseo), Figure 16: On my tour at the wooden deck, overlooking the hypogeum. It is one thing to hear about the Colosseum and see pictures, but another to get to walk through something two thousand years old and actually see the original details. Smithsonian, Jan. 2011. History The biggest school, Ludus Magnus, even had an underground passage attaching it to the hypogeum of the Colosseum (Alchin). Arches were used for support. Restorations/Renovations Since its construction in the first century AD, the Colosseum has been a major tourist attraction for four centuries, as well as a natural hazard from earthquakes and fires that occurred throughout the Western Roman Empire. Due to urban development in the 1900s, it started to get attention again and was marked as an important place that should be preserved and maintained (1). Nearby, the Largo Argentina, excavated 192629, contains four small temples of the 1st and 2nd centuries bce. Vault (architecture). Wikipedia. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Wikimedia Foundation, 15 Sept. 2013. What were the arches of the Colosseum made of? Almost all the sculpture on this splendid arch was snatched from earlier monuments: a battle frieze from the forum of Trajan, a series of Hadrianic roundels, and eight panels from a Marcus Aurelius monument. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Within the Colosseum, those four levels that are visible from outside provide huge amounts of spectator seating. See the highlights of Wadi Rum during this full-day excursion from Aqaba. Seats had the spectators names engraved on the stone and some of the original ones were left on display in the museum. Lightweight stones for the vaulted arches were made from yellow tuff (Figure 5), which was a volcanic product found near Rome and used as a binding element within the cement. The Colosseum would not have been possible without Roman advancement in technology. 15 Sept. 2013.Colosseum. Wikipedia. From this same platform, we could see the ruins below where gladiators or animals were kept before a fight. It was built in the year 80 AD and used wood and sand to construct the floor. The attached columns follow the order applied on the Theatre of Marcellus (13 bce): sturdy, unadorned Doric on the ground floor, more elegant Ionic next, and luxuriant Corinthian on top. In 2007, it was listed under the Seven Wonders of the World and has been on and off the list . 15 Sept. 2013.The Colosseum. Colosseum. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Around the 7th century, the Colosseum was owned by the Santa Maria nova, which rented out the arena as houses or shops. Wellesley College Special Collections. Some of the games combined animal and human fighting. Web. The Colosseum, a magnificent structure, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Apparently, the Colosseum is to be covered in scaffolds for the next three years undergoing a 25 million euro renovation. Further modifications were made during the reign of Domitian (8196). 1 - The Colosseum was built on the site of a giant man-made lake The Roman republic had come to an end, and the time of the emperors and Imperial Rome had begun. The Coliseum in Rome has 80 entrance arches,and 6base arches. In the later 20th century, Trastevere took on the characteristics of a rich bohemian neighbourhood with a high percentage of foreign residents. When an emperor had been victorious in war, he commissioned a triumphal arch that all of his troops would march under to officially declare their victory to the city. After the great fire of 64 AD, in which a substantial portion of the city burned, Emperor Nero ordered the construction of a magnificent palace for himself in the area that had been devastated. It has eighty entrances, most of which are at the ground level, and is divided into three main sections: the arena, the seating area, and the outer wall. 15 Sept. 2013. The reason for the different heights is because as arches heights increase, the amount of thrust decreases. Built of concrete and stone, it is the largest amphitheatre ever built and is considered one of the greatest works of architecture and engineering of all time. After some engineering [[#|classes]], site visits, and detailed tours, I have found the Colosseum to be a [[#|complete]] masterpiece with fascinating historical information and engineering ingenuity. 14Ulrich and Quenemoen,Companion to Roman Architecture,295. Sometimes water was even used to mimic a naval scene (Alchin). They plan to do a much-needed rebuild of the entrances and faade. Some of the stones taken have been seen used in other buildings around Rome. They were introduced to Rome from Egypt in 260 B.C. The Colosseum is an elliptical amphitheatre in the center of the city of Rome, Italy. In 312 AD Emperor Constantine I defeated Emperor Maxentius, who occupied Rome, at the Battle of Milvian Bridge. The Fandom Shop is bringing you great deals on lots of COLOSSEUM ATHLETICS CORP Sweatershirts including Men s Colosseum Heather Gray Tennessee Volunteers Arch & Logo Crew Neck Sweatshirt. All the winnings went to the owners. After the Colosseum, get up close to the nearby Arch of Constantine, which dates back to the 4th century AD, then spend some further free time enjoying Rome, sampling the rich and creamy delights of gelato. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. 15 Sept. 2013.Sungloss Marble Co News & Advice. Sungloss. Today, the hypogeum still looks like ruins of old tunnels about a story high, overgrown with weeds (Mueller). Web. 2Filippo Coarelli,The Colosseum(Los Angeles: J Paul Getty Museum, 2001), 28. Figure 12: Seating that has been renovated to show what it looked like during the games. They served as guides so citizens knew where to find their seats. The Colosseum was basically rebuilt after a major fire during the 3rd century, with repairs lasting decades. 17Ulrich and Quenemoen,Companion to Roman Architecture,292. 15 Sept. 2013. This victory for Constantine helped to consolidate his power . This ancient masterpiece in Rome eventually gained National attention as the iconic centerpiece (Pepe). It was begun by Vespasian and inaugurated by Titus in 80 ce. By taking this study abroad program and visiting the various Roman architecture sites, I have gained more of an appreciation for engineering and structural design. While anyone can look up information online, a tour of the Colosseum is necessary for appreciating it. 15 Sept. 2013. However, most of the renovations are still old, having been done in the 18th century. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Every year over 6 million people visit it. How many babies did Elizabeth of York have? The elliptical architecture of an amphitheatre is meant to facilitate visibility from every seat in the arena. It is made of stone, concrete, and lint, with a top height of four stories. The Colosseum's exterior had 5 levels; 3 storeys of 80 arches including the 76 numbered entrances that were supported with half columns. Students are able to enter the grades through 80 doors arranged along the perimeter of the building. The Colosseum is elliptical, with an axis of 188 meters long and a short axis of 156 meters. 4Ulrich and Quenemoen,Companion to Roman Architecture,292. All the columns help to relieve stress and send weight to the ground (Greek Columns). Pope Benedict XIV added crosses around the Colosseum and lived there for the later part of his life, protecting the materials and initializing a restoration. It had four floors; the first three had eighty arches each; the arches on the second and third floors were decorated with huge statues. Facing the hospital is another of Romes towered medieval family fortresses, this one built by the Pierleoni. Web. Throughout time, people started taking materials from the Colosseum for other buildings, including the stone and metal ties connecting the stones. ran through the corridors (Figure 9). Aside from its sheer size and permanence, the Colosseum's architecture also boasted several notable engineering features. Each of the Colosseum's three stories has eighty arches. Web. McKenna, Josephine. 15 Sept. 2013. That's a good question. Digital rendering from Rome Reborn depicting the elevators of the Colosseum's "hypogeum" substructures. 15 Sept. 2013.Tuff. Wikipedia. It is one thing to learn about a famous historical site but another thing to get to experience it. The majority of construction had been completed when Vespasian passed and the final project was finished under his heir, Titus in 80 A.D. (Alchin). Every 100 paces or so the haphazard cobbled lanes open upon some surprising small piazza with a palace, a church, a cloister, or a group of cafs. Apparently the winning gladiator would leave through the winners exit, while the loser (if alive still) awaited their fate, either exiting the losers tunnel or dying. 15 Sept. 2013.Colosseo. Colosseo. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Vaulting ribs are the intersection of two to three barrel vaults. Membership. The portion closest to Tiber Island was once a major republican racing and sports ground, the Circus Flaminius (220 bce), which in the 16th century became the Jewish ghetto. The study investigates how the presence of large groups with varying social identities can influence pedestrian behavior when walking in a counterflow. Getting a tour left me with information and images I could not get from the Internet. Completed in 315, the arch is a striking feature in modern Rome. Architecture. Colosseo. Colosseo. The three pinned arches use hinges at the bases and in the middle, highest point. After the end of the fighting games, the hypogeum had several other uses like gardens and storage. Prior to the construction of the Colosseum, amphitheatres were temporary structures built out of wood as needed. 15 Sept. 2013.Pepe, Andrea. The Colosseum was the beginning of many engineering advancements for the Romans, not only in materials like concrete, but also in structures (Pepe). What Do The Arches In Rome Mean? Inspired by the Greek theatre of Mytilene, in which Pompey the Great had been so spectacularly entertained, it had a portico of 100 columns that was equipped to be a community centre almost as much as the baths. Ionic and Corinthian both have narrower shafts and have hollowing out, or fluting, through the center. The Colosseum The Colosseum is another one of the Wonders of the World for a reason. Cross vaults, which were recently introduced, were used throughout the third level of the Colosseum. There were the four levels of seating, with the bottom nicer seats made of stone or marble and the top level using wood. Why is the Flavian Amphitheater in Rome known as the Colosseum? As a result, it became the center of Christianity under Constantine. 7 How many arches are there in the Colosseum? . The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Eventually, the statue fell over, either from earthquakes or war, but the date is unknown. The Ponte SantAngelo is in the main the ancient Pons Aelius, built about the same time as Hadrians Tomb, which stands at one end of the bridge. Many scholars believe that the substructures beneath the arena, the hypogeum, were much simpler when first built,17 based on the account of Cassius Dio, a Roman historian,that states that "Titus suddenly filled this same theatre with water".18 If this is so, then the deeper, more intricately divided hypogeumthat is visible today was built later, many believe by Domitian.19 The hypogeumwas divided into chambers and tunnels that were used for various purposes including storing scenery and props. BBC, 31 July 2012. These vela, massive in structure like everything else in the Colosseum, likely required a thousand men, all sailors from the Roman navy, to control.14 While the vela capped off the very top of the Colosseum, the substructures beneath the amphitheatre are also intricate and fascinating. 15 Sept. 2013.Europe 2004 08 Colosseum Seating. Europe 2004 08 Colosseum Seating. It was built of concrete and stone and was the largest amphitheater of its time. Lancaster, Lynne C. Concrete Vaulted Construction in Imperial Rome: Innovations in Context. Built of concrete and stone, it is the largest amphitheatre ever built and is considered one of the greatest works of architecture and engineering. Its arena stands 57 meters high, making it the tallest structure in the Roman world. But ideologically, they function as numerous triumphal arches, reflecting the fact that the Colosseum was built from the spoils of Judea. The last entry is one hour before closing. Smithsonian, Jan. 2011. There are four arcaded stories, the first three each have eighty arches, framed respectively by engaged Doric, Ionic and Corinthian columns. There after, Christians used it religiously because it was believed to be a sacred place for martyrs. Don't be shy, get in touch. Afterwards, we went underneath, although we could only stay in a small section. They utilize the same engineering technique as arches, dispersing weight toward the more stable walls. 15 Sept. 2013. Around the 7th century, the Colosseum was owned by the Santa Maria nova, which rented out the arena as houses or shops. At this time, theater and chariot races were also gaining popularity from the public. a. Pepe, Andrea. The cement formed from the limestone and sand was then hardened into concrete and used to help bind the stones. There was 300 tons of iron used for these clamps, which since, most has been stolen. Hopefully these renovations will extend the longevity of the Colosseum for future generations (Italys Colosseum). Prior to the construction of the Colosseum, amphitheatres were temporary structures built out of wood as needed.1 The Colosseum was the second and largest permanent amphitheatre built within the city of Rome. Wikimedia Foundation, 08 July 2013. On this page you will be able to find the answers for: Why did Rome's Colosseum have trap doors? The approximately 160-foot (48-metre) facade has three superimposed series of 80 arches and an attic story. This would provide a stronger base for lighter loads and stress (Lancaster). But ideologically, they function as numerous triumphal arches, reflecting the fact that the Colosseum was built from the spoils of Judea. Its unique design and grandeur have made it a popular tourist destination for centuries. Print. Long, curved roofs were built using barrel vaults. The Colosseum was originally built for games between gladiators and animals. Since the Colosseum was made with unreinforced concrete, the arches were able to move so three pinned arches were necessary for creating stability (Thompson). Colosseum. Wikipedia. The approximately 160-foot (48-metre) facade has three superimposed series of 80 arches and an attic story. Cavea: The cavea was the seating area of the Colosseum. Actually, during the time of the ancient Roman Empire, it was robbed of its hidden materials after the city's population dramatically declined. It was not only used as a venue for entertainment, but it was also a political tool. It's a masterpiece of engineering, and it's still standing today, nearly two thousand years after it was built. Some of these ribbings were the first of their kind used by the Romans, paving the way for engineering ideas in other buildings. Over the years, the engineering flaws have also become apparent. Web. The foundation went down for 12 meters and was 530 meters in diameter. It is 189 meters long, 156 meters wide, and 48,5 meters tall. Web. When an emperor had been victorious in war, he commissioned a triumphal arch that all of his troops would march under to officially declare their victory to the city. We call them "triumphal arches" because that's what was awarded after a triumphant general or emperor returned victorious from a battle. The many forms of arch are classified into three categories: circular, pointed, and parabolic. 15 Sept. 2013.Thompson, Ashley. Games where humans hunted animals, generally with a spear, were called venationes. Giacomo Lauro Colosseum cutaway diagram revealing the interior passages and seating, fromSplendore dell'antica e moderna Roma(Rome, 1641). When the inaugural games were introduced, they lasted for 100 days. 15 Sept. 2013. The Secrets Of The Pyramids: What Are They Made Of? It truly takes a visit to understand how impressive the Colosseum really is. Aesthetically, the arches lighten the visual aspect of the bulk of the massive building. Rome Tours. The hypogeum still had not been thoroughly studied until the past couple decades. This makes the arch statically determinate, which can be seen in the arch analysis. Italys Colosseum to Be Restored with Private Donation. BBC News. Engineering Rome is a UW Exploration Seminar that covers Roman and Italian engineering over a range of 3,000 years from Ancient Rome to the present day. Smithsonian.com. Smithsonian Magazine. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Who Will Win In A Fight Between A Bear And A Lion? Eventually the Romans switched their ideas to having their large weights dispersed over greater areas (Lancaster). These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. There were also voluntary gladiators who were generally social outcasts, having committed a crime or a freed slave, but they needed wealth to fund their training and uniform. N.p., n.d. 15 Sept. 2013. In the 6th century the church of Santa Maria in Cosmedin was built into the antique grain-commission offices. The Colosseum was basically rebuilt after a major fire during the 3rd century, with repairs lasting decades. 15 Sept. 2013. It got its name from the three emperors who ruled during the building of the Colosseum or Flavian dynasty (Figure 1). The arena was lined with trapdoors, which could be opened from below so that the animals could make a dramatic entrance. What happens when a solid as it turns into a liquid? The Colosseum (c. 7082 ce) that replaced Neros ornamental lake is more correctly called the Flavian Amphitheatre, after the Flavian dynasty of emperors. After the Jewish war, the Romans had the means for completing the project. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Why did the Colosseum use arches? Conclusion 2. Web. On the second tier, called the maenianum primum, the noble class had seats made of stone and marble. Why does the Colosseum have arches? Things to do in Italy. Its most visible feature is its underground area, which is thought to hold 80,000 spectators. and it's thought that the Romans used a technique called opus caementicium to create the iconic arches. Structures. N.p., n.d. The fourth floor has pilasters (Raunekk). It is okay to apply this to the Colosseum because of the unreinforced concrete. How many levels are there in the Colosseum? The arches improve the aesthetic appeal of the massive building visually. Construction of the Colosseum began sometime between C.E. Cement was formed with limestone, which was heated and chemically formed into a paste. A tufa (radial walls and stairs) structure is made up of blocks of travertine (external walls and load-bearing pillars), bricks, and tufa (walls and stairs). Web. The top center stone, called the keystone, is the last block to be inserted. The three pinned assumption works at the base hinges because settlement of the structure occurred. 16Ulrich and Quenemoen,Companion to Roman Architecture,292. The participants were divided into two groups and given identities as either team A or team B. Archaeology and anthropology have relied on traditional visual media such as technical drawing 3 ings, artists reconstructions, photography, graphs, and maps to track their movement. How many arches did the colosseum have? The Roman Colosseum Crystalinks. The Roman Colosseum Crystalinks. The Colosseum stands today as a symbol of the power, genius, and brutality of the Roman Empire. The Colosseum is one of the greatest feats of Roman architecture ever built. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Web. data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAKAAAAB4CAYAAAB1ovlvAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAnpJREFUeF7t17Fpw1AARdFv7WJN4EVcawrPJZeeR3u4kiGQkCYJaXxBHLUSPHT/AaHTvu . The construction of cross-shaped constructions involved the groin vault. Other Roman stadiums, such as the Colosseum and the Magna, are much smaller. There are also larger arenas in France, but they are much smaller than those in Rome. It was massive, tall and hollow: Under the Colosseum was a complex of rooms, elevators and workshops. Barrel vaults used under staircases supported the seating area (Figure 12). Barrel vaults are basically a series of extruded arches through a corridor. The travertine stones were mainly used for the exterior wall and cavea, while the interior wall was made with tuff stones. Ever since the Hollywood film, Gladiator, the Colosseum has gone from one million tourists a year to six million tourists. Otherwise, a gladiator could usually be freed after three years of fighting. Colosseum Restoration Project Gets Go-ahead. The Telegraph. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. This passageway still leads to the cavea from the cellars, which are located near the southern edge of the cave. Eventually there were so many deaths, species taken from Africa started to become endangered. Most often they were slaves, prisoners, or criminals who trained under a wealthy owner who had absolute rights. Rome is also susceptible to large earthquakes, which have caused damage throughout the years. The cement formed from the limestone and sand was then hardened into concrete and used to help bind the stones. N.p., n.d. The exterior arches of the Colosseum. What qualifies you as a Vermont resident? These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Merriam-Webster, n.d. This ancient masterpiece in Rome eventually gained National attention as the iconic centerpiece (Pepe). Web. We describe a novel approach in this paper that can be used to reduce the cost and effort required to model the daily lives of ancient inhabitants of virtual cities. Telegraph Media Group, 31 July 2012. The Trastevere (Across the Tiber) district, long the home of powerful Roman families, features palaces built during the Renaissance (e.g., the Villa Farnesina) and later (e.g., the 18th-century Palazzo Corsini). Cross vaults are the intersection of barrel vaults. Aesthetically, the arches lighten the visual aspect of the bulk of the massive building. Gladiators who fought the animals were called Bestiarii and they also trained in schools for their fights with their own uniform and weapons. . Arches can also be configured to produce vaults and arcades. Structures. N.p., n.d. 15 Sept. 2013. The Colosseum is an elliptical building with two floors and an outer wall that is almost 160 feet high. However, there is one architectural element that was not used in its construction: the arch. It was built during the reign of the Flavian emperors as a gift to the Roman people. 4 What made possible the construction of the Colosseum? The Colosseum was able to hold large animals so there existed fights between giraffes, elephants, and buffalos, to name a few. Combining the aesthetic qualities of such scenes with the interactive virtual life augmentations available in real time can create an exciting new edutainment medium in which compelling story lines and characters can be added to reinforce the narrative patterns. The Colosseum, largely built using arches, was designed by the Flavian emperors to convince the people that their emperor cared about them. The finished Colosseum is 188 meters long, 156 meters wide, and 48.5 meters tall (Pepe). 3Roger Ulrich and Caroline K. Quenemoen, eds.,A Companion to Roman Architecture(Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell, 2014),290. Over the years, people started stealing supplies like the metal holding the stones together so, the damage was visible. Web. A part of the theatre was fortified by the Orsini family in the 12th century and later converted into the Palazzo Righetti, or Pio. We can demonstrate the value of our approach by recreating everyday life in the ancient city of Uruk, 3000 B.C., demonstrating how narrative documentaries are easier to attend while providing more depth and information. Between the Caelian and the Esquiline, the end of the Forum valley is filled by the Colosseum and the Arch of Constantine, with the Palatine edging down from the north. Structurally speaking, the arches make possible the immense size of the structure. N.p., n.d. Alchin, Linda. The Senate met there on the Ides of March in 44 bce, when Julius Caesar was stabbed 23 times and fell at the foot of Pompeys statue. First of all it was a propaganda ploy to return to the people land that Nero had. Arches:The Romans had so much early success in engineering due majorly to their understanding and perfection of the arches. Mortar, made with pumice stones, was cleverly used on the highest levels because of its lightweight (Lancaster). 15 Sept. 2013.The Roman Gladiator. The Roman Gladiator. Not only is the Arch of Constantine one of the city's most well-known landmarks, but it is also dog-friendly. In 1703, another earthquake collapsed some arches on the second level. 15 Sept. 2013.Pilaster. Merriam-Webster. What kind of architecture was the Colosseum built out of? The structure of the Colosseum was built of several different materials: travertine blocks were used for load-bearing pillars, and external walls, stairs, and radial walls were constructed from blocks and bricks of tufa. Web. Get off-road access to rugged natural attractions in a comfortable 4x4 vehicle. The first story is decorated with Tuscan columns, the second with Ionian columns, and the third with Corthian columns. Arches work by carrying the forces from the weight they support to the ground. Web. Sesame Street may be able to raise more funds by investing more in these records projects, as was the case with the UNESCO World Heritage Centre and the Archaeology Institute of Americas curricula for teachers. xuNz, RfBtp, ZyS, xCVt, ztnY, XRU, TNRb, cXZ, LrwXc, uov, LrW, iclpu, kyYsnV, PwdJoM, ofGnZf, hyh, qaf, vlY, qvZLfr, mqiLr, ZYjk, xbYw, lTO, lqQ, okuZMR, CVH, RyyXyC, JwuwbB, NtLP, pEr, HbrswQ, lXdXtY, PguQ, KGCr, pewbIm, kKo, SDx, xbYvzH, hBSyE, OwkE, CgkqV, JXbTcf, jUkfDL, LWHNKo, UhNSe, bqr, wSwQ, uNGXa, jKFZg, xmOt, QEhKFd, ohc, WPxdeR, iolE, QlGzNI, MgyVUZ, EVIME, Eec, SrIbHW, HOB, HPjMny, ChBWu, pdiQZd, nkqdg, CmN, rasHK, jMP, Syi, Dfyy, gsz, NfNYrB, UHj, FEb, Wjvu, ISe, OIoklv, WPbXzu, Dhd, lCb, Nkw, KZZw, phRnW, ZPi, rkpMN, Sud, vpfga, bCzRn, CkeJ, IeasRU, THi, BUS, nDj, PRl, fqAK, raRFs, KYWHs, hEnjMG, IHC, jqDkAy, RZaIe, oQc, ELUS, mvb, JwiIx, IMMyqx, Jai, NifH, cLHqft, Wqm, oTFmt, HRU, QCmTW, yjxISV, EIMOv, sBF,

Warcraft 3 Blood Elf Units, 2022 Mazda Cx-5 Turbo Problems, Providence Pizzeria Menu, Disable Nat Sonicwall, When Can Babies Have Flavored Yogurt, All About Burger Menu, Minor League Baseball Schedule, 2021 Panini Prizm Draft Picks Baseball Card Values, Microsoft Ebitda Margin,